This book discusses how teaching and research have been weighted differently in academia in 18 countries and one region, Hong Kong SAR, based on an international comparative study entitled the Changing Academic Profession (CAP). It addresses these issues using empirical evidence, the CAP data. Specifically, the focus is on how teaching and research are defined in each higher education system, how teaching and research are preferred and conducted by academics, and how academics are rewarded by their institution. Since the establishment of Berlin University in 1810, there has been controversy on teaching and research as the primary functions of universities and academics. The controversy increased when Johns Hopkins University was established in 1876 with only graduate programs, and more recently with the release of the Carnegie Foundation report Scholarship Reconsidered by Ernest L. Boyer in 1990. Since the publication of Scholarship Reconsidered in 1990, higher education scholars and policymakers began to pay attention to the details of teaching and research activities, a kind of ‘black box’ because only individual academics know how they conduct teaching and research in their own contexts.

Includes recently approved adopted and implemented standards for versatile switches, routers and multi-service provisioning platforms. Numerous illustrative examples showing actual situations or cases implemented. Covers the activities of all the major optical networking standards bodies and forums (ITU-T, IETF, MEF, and OIF).

The 3rd Sriwijaya International Conference on Environmental Issues (3rd SRICOENV) 2022 was successfully held on OCTOBER 5th, 2022, in Palembang, South Sumatera-Indonesia (virtual conference). The 3rd SRICOENV 2022 created a forum for exchanging ideas and research results, opened new perspectives in related fields and broadened the horizons of all participants. The conference was attended by 350 people from all over the world. The conference was divided into three parts, including keynote lectures, oral presentations and online discussions. First, the keynote speakers had 30-45 minutes to present. Then, in the oral presentations, their authors presented the outstanding papers we selected individually. We are pleased to announce that we have selected many high-quality papers from the submissions and included them in the conference proceedings after a rigorous review. These papers cover all environmental topics to present the state of the art in environmental and climate change issues. All papers have undergone rigorous review to meet the requirements for publication. We would like to thank everyone who supported the 3rd SRICOENV 2022 and made it a great success. In particular, we would like to thank the European Alliance for Innovation (EAI) for the hard work of all their colleagues in publishing this volume. We sincerely hope that the 3rd SRICOENV 2022 was a forum for excellent discussions, enabling new ideas and promoting collaborative research.