Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.

Phosphorus in surface runoff from agricultural lands is often implicated in the degradation of surface water quality. Many states are developing soil phosphorus application limits. Utilities must develop and implement new best management practices (BMPs) to control phosphorous. The objective of this project was to investigate the beneficial use of water treatment residuals (WTRs) to control non-point source (NPS) phosphorus pollution and protect surface water quality. Specifically, the researchers planned to examine the unique chemical characteristics of WTRs, namely the large concentration of aluminum and iron hyrdroxides, to combine them with phosphorus in high phosphorus soils, biosolids, and manures to reduce the likelihood of phosphorus release to aquatic environments. Several types of WTRs were selected and characterized based on the coagulant used (aluminum and iron based) and their form - dewatered or liquid. The research developed valuable new insight for the beneficial use of WTRs and demonstrated WTRs' potential as a BMP for phosphorus control in surface runoff from agricultural lands and for protecting surface water quality. In particular, the potential role of WTRs in Phosphorous Index programs was confirmed. Future research and full-scale demonstrations are needed to confirm the potential of land applied WTRs as a BMP for phosphorus control in runoff from agricultural lands. Land application of WTRs within a utility?s source water watershed, while subject to local and state regulations, can be implemented as part of an overall watershed protection program.