The twelve interdisciplinary essays collected here explore what Whitney Davis calls "replication" in archaeology, art history, and psychoanalysis--the sequential production of similar artifacts or images substitutable for one another in specific contexts of use. Davis suggests that while archaeology deals with the "physics" of replication (its material conditions and constraints), psychoanalysis deals with the "psychics" of replication (its mental conditions and constraints). Because art history is equally interested in the material properties and in the personal and cultural meaning of artifacts and images, it can mediate the interests of archaeology and psychoanalysis. Thus Replications explores not only the differences between but also the common ground shared by archaeology, art history, and psychoanalysis--focusing, for example, on their mutual interest in the "style" of artifacts or image making, their need to treat the "nonintentional" or "nonmeaningful" element in production, and their models of the subjective and social transmission of replications in the life history of persons and communities. Replications is an original contribution to an emerging field of study in domains as diverse as philosophy, cognitive science, connoisseurship, and cultural studies--the intersection of the material and the meaningful in the human production of artifacts. Davis develops formal models for and theories about this relationship, exploring the ideas of a number of philosophers, historians, and critics and presenting his own distinctive conceptual analysis.

A haunting fascination fuels our interest in the robot, the android, the cyborg, the replicant. Born in science fiction literature, the artificial human has come into its own in films, lurching to life, holding a mirror to humanity's soul. Beginning with a pre-history of the filmic robot, J. P. Telotte traces its development through early sci-fi landmarks such as Metropolis (1926), the alien films of the 1950s (including Forbidden Planet), and recent explorations of the artificial human in Blade Runner, Robocop, and the Terminator films. Replications also considers the tension between the technological wonders that science fiction depicts and the human values it champions. Film-makers employ the latest developments in technology to fashion ever more realistic human doubles, and then use them to explore what it means to be human. Telotte shows us how the sci-fi genre has always addressed changing cultural attitudes toward technology, the body, gender roles, human intelligence, reality, and even film itself.

A girl discovers her geneticist father is covering up multiple secrets—all of which are named Jason. Jason 3:3—known as Martyr—always believed his life had purpose. As one of the hundreds of clones living in a closed-off underground facility beneath an Alaskan farm, he has been told his genetics hold the key to saving humanity from an airborne pandemic aboveground, and his purpose will be filled on his upcoming eighteenth birthday. The problem is no such pandemic exists. Unaware of the truth, Martyr wishes for one glimpse of the sky before his expiration date arrives. His escape leads him to the home of one of the scientists, and to Abby Goyer. As she helps Martyr, she can’t help but notice his uncanny resemblance to the high school quarterback. Abby soon uncovers the dark truth behind Jason Farms and her dad’s work, and decides to show Martyr his true value and worth. As Martyr learns the truth behind his existence, he must decide if his God-given purpose is connected to the farm, or if it rests in a life with Abby.

One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science.