Police-citizen relations are in the public spotlight following outbursts of anger and violence. Such clashes often happen as a response to fatal police shootings, racial or ethnic discrimination, or the mishandling of mass protests. But even in such cases, citizens’ assessment of the police differs considerably across social groups. This raises the question of the sources and impediments of citizens’ trust and support for police. Why are police-citizen relations much better in some countries than in others? Are police-minority relations doomed to be strained? And which police practices and policing policies generate trust and legitimacy? Research on police legitimacy has been centred on US experiences, and relied on procedural justice as the main theoretical approach. This book questions whether this approach is suitable and sufficient to understand public attitudes towards the police across different countries and regions of the world. This volume shows that the impact of macro-level conditions, of societal cleavages, and of state and political institutions on police-citizen relations has too often been neglected in contemporary research. Building on empirical studies from around the world as well as cross-national comparisons, this volume considerably expands current perspectives on the sources of police legitimacy and citizens’ trust in the police. Combining the analysis of micro-level interactions with a perspective on the contextual framework and varying national conditions, the contributions to this book illustrate the strength of a broadened perspective and lead us to ask how specific national frameworks shape the experiences of policing.

This book offers an historical and contemporary analysis of policing and police-citizen relations in Nigeria, to understand why people co-operate (or don’t) with the police. It examines police legitimacy and the validity of procedural justice theory in a post-colonial African context where corruption, brutality and lack of accountability are not uncommon, to find more refined and alternative answers to the question of why people co-operate (or don’t) with the police. The history of policing in Nigeria is explored first and then procedural justice theory is tested through an extensive, cross-sectional survey of the public. One of the core findings is that citizens’ co-operation with the police is driven less by legitimacy but more by effectiveness considerations and “dull compulsion”, a concept akin to legal cynicism. This study represents one of the first attempts to test and understand “dull compulsion” and its relevance in this context. Overall, it develops the field by illustrating that that there are significant variations between contexts when addressing the influence of perceived procedural justice policing on perceptions of police legitimacy, and it explains the implications for policy makers.

Topics covered include police values, police culture, police accountability, police leadership, policies and procedures.

A revolutionary new approach to policing that puts people over punishment. Experts have struggled to define the term “police culture.” For most, this label means a reactive approach to keeping people safe by using punitive consequences to punish or detain the perpetrators. The result: More attention is given to the negative, reactive side of policing than a positive, proactive approach to preventing crime by cultivating an interdependent culture of residents looking out for the safety, health, and well-being of each other. In Actively Caring for People Policing, authors E. Scott Geller and Bobby Kipper show how police officers can play a critical and integral role in achieving such a community of compassion—an Actively Caring for People (AC4P) culture. With AC4P policing, consequences are used to increase the quantity and improve the quality of desired behavior. Police officers are educated about the rationale behind using more positive than negative consequences to manage behavior, and then they are trained on how to deliver positive consequences in ways that help to cultivate interpersonal trust and AC4P behavior among police officers and the citizens they serve. The result: humanistic behaviorism to enhance long-term positive relations between police officers and the citizens they serve, thereby preventing interpersonal conflict, violence, and harm.

This book offers an historical and contemporary analysis of policing and police-citizen relations in Nigeria, to understand why people co-operate (or don't) with the police. It examines police legitimacy and the validity of procedural justice theory in a post-colonial African context where corruption, brutality and lack of accountability are not uncommon, to find more refined and alternative answers to the question of why people co-operate (or don't) with the police. The history of policing in Nigeria is explored first and then procedural justice theory is tested through an extensive, cross-sectional survey of the public. One of the core findings is that citizens' co-operation with the police is driven less by legitimacy but more by effectiveness considerations and "dull compulsion", a concept akin to legal cynicism. This study represents one of the first attempts to test and understand "dull compulsion" and its relevance in this context. Overall, it develops the field by illustrating that that there are significant variations between contexts when addressing the influence of perceived procedural justice policing on perceptions of police legitimacy, and it explains the implications for policy makers.

The relationship between police and the communities and citizens they serve has long been a topic of study and controversy. Sung provides a place-oriented theory of policing to guide strategies for crime control and problem-oriented policing. He contends that community policing is a product of power relations among communities. Sung also explores: •how police and citizens interact with each other in stratified and residentially segregated communities •how services are delivered by police •how citizens respond to those charged with protecting them and enforcing the law Illuminating the police-neighborhood and advancing a clear hypothesis for explaining and predicting changes in police behavior, this both provides a conceptual platform for public policy debate, planning, and evaluation of police, public safety, and democratic governance. According to Sung, place has everything to do with the success of community policing, and the attitudes of both police and citizens contribute to the success or failure of police initiatives as well as the level of crime inherent in a community. By focusing on the social and political forces that shape the residential patterns of American cities and the organization of police work, Sung provides a theoretical framework for considering the relations between police and citizens in different neighborhoods. He concludes that current modes of police-community relations and crime prevention will improve only if the policies adopted encourage the transformation of marginal communities into communities where citizens feel a shared responsibility for maintaining and peace and order. This unique contribution to a growing field of study provides an ecological theory of police-citizen relations that begins with the inequality and segregation inherent in many American cities.

This highly informative and provocative book addresses a number of current law enforcement and citizen issues. Written by a law enforcement professional, it provides examples and terminology from the "real world" of policing, while offering a range of strategies for citizens in the arena of police-community relations, giving readers a peek into world of the police officerand the oft-conflicting power they wield and the constraints they face from the U.S. Constitution. Written in a concise, well-documented manner and from a street-level perspective, this book provides a balanced discussion of the major issues confronting law enforcement. Topics covered include: differing perspectives from the point of view of citizens and officers, police culture, officer safety, the police mission, the failure of law enforcement management, policing the police, citizen behavior skills, complaints against the police, and bridging the gap between citizens and law enforcement. Usually well-suited for general readership, this book provides considerable useful and enlightening information for the average citizen. Especially useful for law enforcement and criminal justice professionals.