Computer understanding of human emotions has become crucial and complex within the era of digital interaction and artificial intelligence. Emotion detection, a field within AI, holds promise for enhancing user experiences, personalizing services, and revolutionizing industries. However, navigating this landscape requires a deep understanding of machine and deep learning techniques and the interdisciplinary challenges accompanying them. Machine and Deep Learning Techniques for Emotion Detection offer a comprehensive solution to this pressing problem. Designed for academic scholars, practitioners, and students, it is a guiding light through the intricate terrain of emotion detection. By blending theoretical insights with practical implementations and real-world case studies, our book equips readers with the knowledge and tools needed to advance the frontier of emotion analysis using machine and deep learning methodologies.

Affective computing refers to computing that relates to, arises from, or influences emotions. The goal of affective computing is to bridge the gap between humans and machines and ultimately endow machines with emotional intelligence for improving natural human-machine interaction. In the context of human-robot interaction (HRI), it is hoped that robots can be endowed with human-like capabilities of observation, interpretation, and emotional expression. The research on affective computing has recently achieved extensive progress with many fields contributing including neuroscience, psychology, education, medicine, behavior, sociology, and computer science. Current research in affective computing concentrates on estimating human emotions through different forms of signals such as speech, face, text, EEG, fMRI, and many others. In neuroscience, the neural mechanisms of emotion are explored by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In psychology and philosophy, emotion typically includes a subjective, conscious experience characterized primarily by psychophysiological expressions, biological reactions, and mental states. The multi-disciplinary features of understanding “emotion” result in the fact that inferring the emotion of humans is definitely difficult. As a result, a multi-disciplinary approach is required to facilitate the development of affective computing. One of the challenging problems in affective computing is the affective gap, i.e., the inconsistency between the extracted feature representations and subjective emotions. To bridge the affective gap, various hand-crafted features have been widely employed to characterize subjective emotions. However, these hand-crafted features are usually low-level, and they may hence not be discriminative enough to depict subjective emotions. To address this issue, the recently-emerged deep learning (also called deep neural networks) techniques provide a possible solution. Due to the used multi-layer network structure, deep learning techniques are capable of learning high-level contributing features from a large dataset and have exhibited excellent performance in multiple application domains such as computer vision, signal processing, natural language processing, human-computer interaction, and so on. The goal of this Research Topic is to gather novel contributions on deep learning techniques applied to affective computing across the diverse fields of psychology, machine learning, neuroscience, education, behavior, sociology, and computer science to converge with those active in other research areas, such as speech emotion recognition, facial expression recognition, Electroencephalogram (EEG) based emotion estimation, human physiological signal (heart rate) estimation, affective human-robot interaction, multimodal affective computing, etc. We welcome researchers to contribute their original papers as well as review articles to provide works regarding the neural approach from computation to affective computing systems. This Research Topic aims to bring together research including, but not limited to: • Deep learning architectures and algorithms for affective computing tasks such as emotion recognition from speech, face, text, EEG, fMRI, and many others. • Explainability of deep Learning algorithms for affective computing. • Multi-task learning techniques for emotion, personality and depression detection, etc. • Novel datasets for affective computing • Applications of affective computing in robots, such as emotion-aware human-robot interaction and social robots, etc.

This book includes impactful chapters which present scientific concepts, frameworks, architectures and ideas on sensing technologies and machine learning techniques. These are relevant in tackling the following challenges: (i) the field readiness and use of intrusive sensor systems and devices for capturing biosignals, including EEG sensor systems, ECG sensor systems and electrodermal activity sensor systems; (ii) the quality assessment and management of sensor data; (iii) data preprocessing, noise filtering and calibration concepts for biosignals; (iv) the field readiness and use of nonintrusive sensor technologies, including visual sensors, acoustic sensors, vibration sensors and piezoelectric sensors; (v) emotion recognition using mobile phones and smartwatches; (vi) body area sensor networks for emotion and stress studies; (vii) the use of experimental datasets in emotion recognition, including dataset generation principles and concepts, quality insurance and emotion elicitation material and concepts; (viii) machine learning techniques for robust emotion recognition, including graphical models, neural network methods, deep learning methods, statistical learning and multivariate empirical mode decomposition; (ix) subject-independent emotion and stress recognition concepts and systems, including facial expression-based systems, speech-based systems, EEG-based systems, ECG-based systems, electrodermal activity-based systems, multimodal recognition systems and sensor fusion concepts and (x) emotion and stress estimation and forecasting from a nonlinear dynamical system perspective. This book, emerging from the Special Issue of the Sensors journal on “Emotion and Stress Recognition Related Sensors and Machine Learning Technologies” emerges as a result of the crucial need for massive deployment of intelligent sociotechnical systems. Such technologies are being applied in assistive systems in different domains and parts of the world to address challenges that could not be addressed without the advances made in these technologies.

Original contributions from researchers describing their unpublished research contribution which is not currently under review by another conference or journal and addressing state of the art research are invited to share their work in all areas of Data Science, Machine Learning and its applications but are not limited to Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing Web Intelligence and Computing Swarm Intelligence Mobile Computing Sensor Networks and Social Sensing Wireless Mesh Networks Wireless Networks Management Wireless Protocols and Architectures Multi Agent Systems Human Computer Interaction Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Knowledge Management and Networks Data Intensive Computing Architecture Intelligent E Learning Systems Smart Environments and Applications Genetic Algorithms Evolutionary Computation Soft Computing Machine Learning Neural Networks Pattern Recognition Intelligent Control

In the realm of analyzing human emotions through Artificial Intelligence (AI), a myriad of challenges persist. From the intricate nuances of emotional subtleties to the broader concerns of ethical considerations, privacy implications, and the ongoing battle against bias, AI faces a complex landscape when venturing into the understanding of human emotions. These challenges underscore the intricate balance required to navigate the human psyche with accuracy. The book, Using Machine Learning to Detect Emotions and Predict Human Psychology, serves as a guide for innovative solutions in the field of emotion detection through AI. It explores facial expression analysis, where AI decodes real-time emotions through subtle cues such as eyebrow movements and micro-expressions. In speech and voice analysis, the book unveils how AI processes vocal nuances to discern emotions, considering elements like tone, pitch, and language intricacies. Additionally, the power of text analysis is of great importance, revealing how AI extracts emotional tones from diverse textual communications. By weaving these systems together, the book offers a holistic solution to the challenges faced by AI in understanding the complex landscape of human emotions.

Machine learning (ML) is the fastest growing field in computer science, and Health Informatics (HI) is amongst the greatest application challenges, providing future benefits in improved medical diagnoses, disease analyses, and pharmaceutical development. However, successful ML for HI needs a concerted effort, fostering integrative research between experts ranging from diverse disciplines from data science to visualization. Tackling complex challenges needs both disciplinary excellence and cross-disciplinary networking without any boundaries. Following the HCI-KDD approach, in combining the best of two worlds, it is aimed to support human intelligence with machine intelligence. This state-of-the-art survey is an output of the international HCI-KDD expert network and features 22 carefully selected and peer-reviewed chapters on hot topics in machine learning for health informatics; they discuss open problems and future challenges in order to stimulate further research and international progress in this field.

This book includes impactful chapters which present scientific concepts, frameworks, architectures and ideas on sensing technologies and machine learning techniques. These are relevant in tackling the following challenges: (i) the field readiness and use of intrusive sensor systems and devices for capturing biosignals, including EEG sensor systems, ECG sensor systems and electrodermal activity sensor systems; (ii) the quality assessment and management of sensor data; (iii) data preprocessing, noise filtering and calibration concepts for biosignals; (iv) the field readiness and use of nonintrusive sensor technologies, including visual sensors, acoustic sensors, vibration sensors and piezoelectric sensors; (v) emotion recognition using mobile phones and smartwatches; (vi) body area sensor networks for emotion and stress studies; (vii) the use of experimental datasets in emotion recognition, including dataset generation principles and concepts, quality insurance and emotion elicitation material and concepts; (viii) machine learning techniques for robust emotion recognition, including graphical models, neural network methods, deep learning methods, statistical learning and multivariate empirical mode decomposition; (ix) subject-independent emotion and stress recognition concepts and systems, including facial expression-based systems, speech-based systems, EEG-based systems, ECG-based systems, electrodermal activity-based systems, multimodal recognition systems and sensor fusion concepts and (x) emotion and stress estimation and forecasting from a nonlinear dynamical system perspective.