Elliot Fratkin shares the story of his early anthropological fieldwork in Kenya in the 1970s. Using his fieldnotes and letters home to bring to life the voices of those he met, Fratkin invites the reader to experience his cross-cultural friendships with the enigmatic laibon (a diviner and healer of the Samburu and Maasai peoples) Lonyoki, his family, and the people of the nomadic community of Lukumai. Fratkin participated in the daily lives of the Ariaal livestock herders and accompanied the laibon as he performed divination and healing rituals throughout Marsabit and Samburu Districts. After Fratkin reunited Lonyoki with his son and wife, Lonyoki adopted Fratkin into his family, and Fratkin continues his close friendship with Lonyoki's son Lembalen today. Black-and-white photographs, a guide to the characters, words, and places, and a list of suggested readings supplement the engaging narrative. Laibon is more than a memoir; it delves into nitty-gritty details of fieldwork, speaks to larger questions about ethnographic research, and provides unparalleled insight into the world of the laibon.

Divination is an important feature of cultures all over the world. While some may still question the efficacy of divination systems, they continue to serve their communities by diagnosing ailments, prescribing healing treatments, and solving problems. Yet despite their universality, there are relatively few comprehensive studies of divination systems. This volume seeks to fill this gap regarding the use of divination in healing. Here some of the world’s leading authorities draw on their own fieldwork and participation in ritual to present detailed case studies, demonstrating that divination rituals can have therapeutic effects. As the contributors examine the systems of knowledge that divination articulates and survey the varieties of divinatory experience, they seek to analyze divination as an epistemological system, as a social process, and as a therapeutic endeavor. While some of their findings reinforce traditional assumptions about the importance of social control, spirit relations, and community support in the divination process, the authors place these considerations within new epistemological frameworks that emphasize the use of alternative modes of knowing. In this wide-ranging volume, readers will find coverage of classic Ifa systems; Buddhist-influenced shamanic practices in the former Soviet Union; the reconciliation of Muslim beliefs and divinatory practices in Thailand; Native American divination used in diagnosis; Maya calendrical divination in Guatemala; mediumistic and chicken oracle divination among the Sukuma of Tanzania; Ndembu divination, focusing on the process of collective healing; and divination among the Samburu (Maasai) of Kenya, featuring dialogues from actual healing sessions. Together, these contributions argue for new perspectives on the study of divination that emphasize not only the epistemological roots of these systems but also their multifaceted therapeutic functions. Divination and Healing is a rich source of both data and insight for scholars of ritual, religion, medical anthropology, and the psychology of altered states of consciousness.

Describes the customs, housing, and food of the Masai; how they live on a daily basis; and how they have dealt with modern forces, such as wildlife preserves, tourism, and money.

The Hugo and Nebula Award–winning author “has cultivated in these pages an epic history that spans millennia and the breadth of the galaxy” (Tampa Bay Newspapers). Duncan Rojas, an employee in the research department of Wilford Braxton’s Records of Big Game, rarely gets such a request. Bukoba Mandaka, the last descendant of the Maasai, wants his help finding a relic that has been lost for three thousand years: the tusks of the famous Kilimanjaro Elephant. In the year 6303 of the Galactic Era, all animals have become extinct. It’s an almost impossible job, but what Bukoba is willing to pay—and Duncan’s own curiosity—prove irresistible. As Duncan puts all the technology at his disposal to the task, he begins to follow the remarkable odyssey of the ivory through cultures, time, and the universe—from being used as a pawn in a power play by unethical scientists to propping up a brutal warlord, from being worshipped as a symbol of immortality by an alien race to being turned into a matter of national pride by an opportunistic politician. But to Duncan, the even bigger mystery—and one that he must solve—is why Bukoba is willing to put his own future on the line for something so irretrievably lost to the past . . . “Resnick’s fluent writing and respect for African cultures and wildlife make for some smoothly ironic glimpses of people who imagined they ‘owned’ the ivory.” —Publishers Weekly “Marvelously satisfying science fiction . . . don’t miss.” —Analog “Resnick is an excellent storyteller . . . Ivory is a winner.” —The Cincinnati Post

Originally published in 1959 this volume studies the ritual office of the Mugwe which was of great social significance among the Meru of the Central Province of Kenya and analyses the social changes and decline of the Mugwe which came about in the second half of the twentieth century. Until this book was published there was no published literature on the Mugwe - one of the most basic and firmly established elements of the old structure of Meru social life.

Social Globalization held on from the beginning of Human Evolution and thereafter when Society formed which turned to civilization in the route of Settlement lifestyle under leaders where they were kings and remained as tribal leaders . Societal Collapse was held on and racism formed to different groups of people. Slavery system is implemented by the winner in battle or in war. White Racism held on with people in India during the prehistoric period which was called Sarna Varnaism/ Brilliant colour people racism. Sarna Varnaism called the caste system where Sudra remained black Colour / Shyam Verna. At Colonial Ruled White racism held on at the American Continent where Black innocent people were caught and shelling by explorers and slavery system executed where Black people had not any human right. Some people abolished and demolished the past history and executed a non-formal religious system and racism executed to societal collapse the traditionalism totally and executing self philosophy. Conflict continued and war held around the world. Social Liberalism requires making world peace and harmony as we are civilized and most intelligent terrestrial mammalian omnivorous animals. We require creating a social environment for our next generation as a realistic naturalistic and scientific route of society. Divination gives us peace of mind as we worship and meditate on our ancestors as we believe. Different groups of people’s different systems remained. But criticism discrimination and partiality are divided to rule by selfish people who create conflict and misguide society. Hence come together in the Social liberalism route.