This book deals with the new concept of biodiversity offsets. The aim of offsetting schemes is to achieve no let loss or even net gain of biodiversity. Offsets obey a mitigation hierarchy and reflect the precautionary and polluter-pays principle in regard to project impacts. Readers gain insights into current debates on biodiversity policies, with top experts outlining theoretical principles and the latest research findings. At the same time the focus is on practical application and case studies. Today there is a lively international discussion among practitioners and scientists on the optimal legal framework, metrics and design of habitat banks to ensure the success of biodiversity offsets and to minimise the risks of failure or misuse. Contributing to the debate, this volume presents the activities and practices of biodiversity offsetting already implemented in Europe in selected EU member states, and the lessons that can be learnt from them. Readers may be surprised at how much experience already exists in these countries. A further aim of the book is to offer grounded insights on the road ahead, and foster a more intensive and fruitful discussion on how offsetting can be extended and improved upon, so that it becomes a key and effective component of Europe’s biodiversity conservation policy framework.

We are witnessing an alarming, global biodiversity crisis with an ongoing loss of species and their habitats. In response, a number of tools and approaches – including some that are contested – are being explored and promoted. Biodiversity offsets are one such approach, and deserve critical examination since the debate surrounding them has often been oversimplified and lacking practical evidence. As such, this study presents a refined typology including seven types of biodiversity offsets and taking into account different contexts, governance arrangements and drivers. It draws on a detailed analysis of theoretical concepts to explain the voluntary implementation of biodiversity offsets using an internet-based (netnographic) research approach. Furthermore it builds on a broad global explorative base of 72 practical examples and presents in-depth case studies for each type. The results reveal a number of global tendencies that allow recommendations to be made for different locations, contexts and stakeholders. They also encourage the expansion of this research field to respond to the pressing needs of policy and practice.

This paper addresses the different dimensions of rebuilding or restoring stocks, including in terms of conflicting objectives, the bio-economy of rebuilding, its costs and benefits, and the distributional effects of fishing reforms among the various actors.

This innovative book proposes a conceptual framework to integrate the ecological and tourism aspects of Protected Area regulation, assisting decision-makers to develop contextually effective laws and management plans that avoid over-regulating or under-regulating tourism, given the areas' ecological profiles.

Improving the Maritime Cybersecurity in Malaysia With the advancement of technology, the maritime industry has become increasingly digitalised and relies on an Internet connection for information technology (IT) and operational techno-logy (OT) systems. The IT and OT systems are also converging due to the emergence of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). As a result, cybersecurity threats within the maritime sector have been on the rise.