Originally published under the title: Garibaldi and his enemies. Boston, Little, Brown, 1965.

Story of the people and events associated with Garibaldi's career, and his personal leadership during the invasion of conquest of Sicily and southern Italy.

What adventure novelist could have invented the life of Giuseppe Garibaldi? The revolutionary, soldier, politician, and greatest figure in the fight for Italian unification, Garibaldi (1807-1882) brought off almost as many dramatic exploits in the Americas as he did in Europe, becoming an international freedom fighter, earning the title of the "hero of two worlds," and making himself perhaps the most famous and beloved man of his century. Alfonso Scirocco's Garibaldi is the most up-to-date, authoritative, comprehensive, and convincing biography of Garibaldi yet written. In vivid narrative style and unprecedented detail, and drawing on many new sources that shed fresh light on important events, Scirocco tells the full story of Garibaldi's fascinating public and private life, separating its myth-like reality from the outright myths that have surrounded Garibaldi since his own day. Scirocco tells how Garibaldi devoted his energies to the liberation of Italians and other oppressed peoples. Sentenced to death for his role in an abortive Genoese insurrection in 1834, Garibaldi fled to South America, where he joined two successive fights for independence--Rio Grande do Sul's against Brazil and Uruguay's against Argentina. He returned to Italy in 1848 to again fight for Italian independence, leading seven more campaigns, including the spectacular capture of Sicily. During the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln even offered to make him a general in the Union army. Presenting Garibaldi as a complex and even contradictory figure, Scirocco shows us the pacifist who spent much of his life fighting; the nationalist who advocated European unification; the republican who served a king; and the man who, although compared by contemporaries to Aeneas and Odysseus, refused honors and wealth and spent his last years as a farmer.

Biography of the early years of A. Bartlett Giamatti, who would become Yale University’s first non-Anglo-Saxon Protestant president and commissioner of Major League Baseball. In 1977, a thirty-nine-year-old Italian American professor of Renaissance literature, A. Bartlett Giamatti, was chosen as the next president of Yale University, a radical act that was immediately perceived as a threat to the university’s embedded, eugenics-driven, Anglo-Saxon mentality. Eugenics, as practiced in America, and especially at Yale, locked into place those who were deemed “unfit” due to beliefs about their ethnicity, class, and racial character, beliefs that had endured for decades and to which Giamatti’s selection, as an Italian American and therefore, to some, one of the “unfit,” was an open rebuke. In Fearless, Neil Thomas Proto explores the origins of Giamatti’s ethical convictions, including his insistence on fairness, his respect for the duty of responsible citizenship, and his advocacy for people on the margins. Proto argues that these convictions, which would inform Giamatti’s time at Yale as well as his brief tenure as commissioner of Major League Baseball, can be understood only in the context of Giamatti’s family and the deeply entwined and conflicted histories of Yale and New Haven itself—a history that Giamatti, who had been both a student and a professor at Yale and who had Italian American relatives in New Haven, knew very well. Historian Sean Wilentz wrote that “Bart Giamatti was a phenomenon who lived the lives of several men even though his own ended tragically early.” Giamatti confirmed his underlying imperative through to the end of his life: “Rest,” he wrote, “will come by never resting.” Fearless is a story about persistence against forces ugly, embedded, and more pernicious than simply racial and ethnic discrimination, and about the principled embrace of civic duty passed on generationally and used fully as the ethical sword and shield necessary to challenge them. “In Fearless, Neil Proto tells the extraordinary life story and career of A. Bartlett Giamatti as he became a distinguished professor of Renaissance literature, a pathbreaking president of Yale University, and the seventh commissioner of Major League Baseball. Proto writes with the candor, directness, thoroughness, and passionate pursuit of truth that also characterized Giamatti. His compelling biography is a shining achievement.” — Nick Kotz, Pulitzer Prize–winning reporter and author of Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws That Changed America “Neil Proto’s narrative is riveting, thorough, and essential to understanding how unfettered White Anglo Saxon discrimination against Southern and Eastern European immigrants and African Americans—recognized then as ‘eugenics’ and today as ‘White Supremacy’—was taught, supported, and legitimized. Proto especially captures the prejudice and methods intended to repress the aspirations of hard working Southern Italian immigrants—Bart Giamatti’s family among them. Government often led the way. Neighborhoods destroyed. Families displaced. Sterilization justified. Valentine Giamatti learned and taught the civic duty of fairness toward others to his son, Bart, as did the parents, including my own and Neil Proto’s, among the immigrant and migrant families who came to New Haven. That battle for fairness endures today. Proto’s work is like none other I’ve read.” — Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro (D–New Haven) “Through the story of the Giamatti family and the focus on A. Bartlett Giamatti, Proto is able to write a microhistory of a significant part of twentieth-century America. The way he interlocks immigration, race, education, urban history, local politics, academic politics, intellectual history, and biography is splendid. It is a magisterial lesson in civic education and the duty of citizenship. The book is a pleasure to read; one does not want to put it down. The research is impeccable and voluminous.” — Samuele F. S. Pardini, author of In the Name of the Mother: Italian Americans, African Americans, and Modernity from Booker T. Washington to Bruce Springsteen