World Bank Discussion Paper No. 323. Presents a framework for evaluating the level and composition of public expenditures. The paper applies the framework to the analysis of intrasectoral allocations within key sectors, intersectoral allocations across sectors, and allocations for major cross-sectoral expenditure categories. It identifies the elements that should be an integral part of an ongoing exercise in analyzing the level and composition of public spending and highlights the importance of the institutional policy environment that determines these allocations and their outcomes.

Export promotion covers various fiscal, commercial and exchange rate measures that governments can take to ensure some neutrality when comparing domestic and export markets. These essays discuss export promotion and its pros and cons.

In the era of globalization, foreign trade has an immense impact upon modern economies. To succeed in the global marketplace, sustainable development in trade practices is an imperative goal for countries to reach. Global Perspectives on Trade Integration and Economies in Transition is an authoritative reference source for the latest research on the dynamics of transitional economies and how certain obstacles can disrupt the effectiveness of the transition process. Highlighting the value of trade incorporation at the national and international levels, this book is ideally designed for researchers, professionals, government officials, policy makers, and upper-level students interested in the intersection of globalization, trade, and international economics.

Most books on transition economies concentrate on their internal fortunes. Few have analysed the effect that the change in the system has had on foreign trade and export performance - this new book redresses that balance.

Transition Economies and Foreign Trade makes the bold claim to have solved puzzles that have hindered the subject for years. By taking the distortions of the Communist era into consideration, Winiecki has explained the phenomenon of the decline in output and trade, as well as explaining the dual commodity nature of exports in the early transition p

The onslaught of globalization has brought with it sweeping changes to the foreign economic policy of the last 50 years. As the international political economy of nations and regions continues to be drawn and redrawn, this book traces the goals and instruments of foreign economic policy during this period, providing insight into the long-run trends and developing new theoretical generalizations. The book charts the journey from the point when foreign economic policy was solely concerned with foreign trade - pursued to promote the interests of individual countries - to the current globalization of the world economy that creates a uniform market in goods, services and factors of production that embrace all countries and regions.

Transition Economies and Foreign Trade makes the bold claim to have solved puzzles that have hindered the subject for years. By taking the distortions of the Communist era into consideration, Winiecki has explained the phenomenon of the decline in output and trade, as well as explaining the dual commodity nature of exports in the early transition phase. The book's intriguing analyses include:*the legacy of the Communist past upon foreign trade transition*the reorientation of exports from the East to the West *trade and exchange rate regimes and their impact upon foreign.