Equality in law between men & women in the European Community is an integral part of the EC's social policy & crucial to its economic & social cohesion. This 15-Volume Encyclopedia analyses the legal framework for equal opportunities which now exists in the Community due to the adoption of EC Directives on equal treatment, equal pay & social security, & to the work of the European Court of Justice in this area. It looks at how the EC Directives have been implemented & interpreted in each Member State, & at the other legislative & constitutional provisions affecting the principle of equality. All the principal legal provisions are reproduced or translated. Extracts from or digests of national case law are also included. Each volume is structured so that Member States's provisions on equality can be directly compared. The editors of this Encyclopedia are Michel Verwilghen , Professeur ordinaire a la Faculte de Droit, Universite catholique de Louvain , & Ferdinand von Prondzynski , Professor of Law & Dean of the Law School, University of Hull .

This is the first book that explores whether there are any rules in international law applicable to unilateral sanctions and if so, what they are. The book examines both the lawfulness of unilateral sanctions and the limitations within which they should operate. In doing so, it includes an analysis of State practice, the provisions of various international legal instruments dealing with such sanctions and their impact on other areas of international law such as freedom of navigation, aviation and transit, and the principles of international trade, investment, regional economic integration, and the protection of human rights and the environment. This study finds that unilateral sanctions by a state or a group of states against another state as opposed to 'smart' or targeted sanctions of limited scope would be unlawful, unless they meet the procedural and substantive requirements stipulated in international law. Importantly, the book identifies and consolidates these requirements scattered in different areas of international law, including the additional rules of customary international law that have emerged out of the recent practice of States and that increase the limitations on the use of unilateral sanctions.

CASES - Michael J. Churgin.

The Global Citizenship Commission was convened, under the leadership of former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the auspices of NYU’s Global Institute for Advanced Study, to re-examine the spirit and stirring words of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The result – this volume – offers a 21st-century commentary on the original document, furthering the work of human rights and illuminating the ideal of global citizenship. What does it mean for each of us to be members of a global community? Since 1948, the Declaration has stood as a beacon and a standard for a better world. Yet the work of making its ideals real is far from over. Hideous and systemic human rights abuses continue to be perpetrated at an alarming rate around the world. Too many people, particularly those in power, are hostile to human rights or indifferent to their claims. Meanwhile, our global interdependence deepens. Bringing together world leaders and thinkers in the fields of politics, ethics, and philosophy, the Commission set out to develop a common understanding of the meaning of global citizenship – one that arises from basic human rights and empowers every individual in the world. This landmark report affirms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and seeks to renew the 1948 enterprise, and the very ideal of the human family, for our day and generation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on contributors -- Preface -- Introduction: human rights in an age of international cooperation -- Part I General issues pertaining to human rights and transnational law enforcement -- 1 Shared responsibility for human rights violations: a relational account -- 2 Extraterritoriality and human rights: prospects and challenges -- Part II Law enforcement and security operations -- 3 Transnational operations carried out from a State's own territory: armed drones and the extraterritorial effect of international human rights conventions -- 4 NSA surveillance and its meaning for international human rights law -- 5 Jurisdiction at sea: migrant interdiction and the transnational security state -- 6 Counter-piracy: navigating the cloudy waters of international law, domestic law and human rights -- 7 Rescuing migrants at sea and the law of international responsibility -- Part III Migration control and access to asylum -- 8 Relinking power and responsibility in extraterritorial immigration control: the case of immigration liaison officers -- 9 State responsibility and migration control: Australia's international deterrence model -- 10 Multi-stakeholder operations of border control coordinated at the EU level and the allocation of international responsibilities -- 11 A 'blind spot' in the framework of international responsibility? Third-party responsibility for human rights violations: the case of Frontex -- 12 The legality of Frontex Operation Hera-type migration control practices in light of the Hirsi judgement -- 13 The Dark Side of Globalization: do EU border controls contribute to death in the Mediterranean? -- 14 'Outsourcing' protection and the transnational relevance of protection elsewhere: the case of UNHCR -- Index

Every year tens of millions of individuals suffer grave abuses of their human rights. These violations occur worldwide, in war-torn countries and in the wealthiest states. Despite many of the abuses being well-documented, little seems to be done to stop them from happening. The United Nations was established to safeguard world peace and security, development, and human rights yet it is undeniable that currently is it failing to protect the rights of a great many people from the victims of ethnic cleansing, to migrants, those displaced by war and women who suffer horrendous abuse. This book looks at the reasons for that failure. Using concrete examples intertwined with explanations of the law and politics of the UN, Rosa Freedman offers clear explanations of how and why the Organisation is unable, at best, or unwilling, at worst, to protect human rights. Written for a non-specialist audience, her book also seeks to explain why certain countries and political blocs manipulate and undermine the UN s human rights machinery. Failing to Protect demonstrates the urgent need for radical reform of the machinery of human rights protection at the international level.