State governments recognize the value diaspora populations bring to development efforts worldwide. Since 2007, the Global Forum on Migration and Development has examined ways to highlight policies and programs that can magnify the resources, both human and financial, that emigrants and their descendants contribute to development. This handbook continues that effort on the basis of earlier investigations by the book's collaborating institutions, the academic and policy literature, consultations and in-depth interviews with government officials and nongovernmental actors, and input by 62 national governments. The handbook is divided into three major parts. Each part gives concrete examples of policies and programs that have been effective, and pulls out both useful lessons and common challenges associated with the topics at hand. The pivotal question now facing many policymakers is not so much if diasporas can benefit their countries of origin but how they do so and what kinds of government policies and programs can foster these relationships.

The diaspora of developing countries can be a potent force for development, through remittances, but more importantly, through promotion of trade, investment, knowledge and technology transfers. The book aims to consolidate research and evidence on these issues with a view to formulating policies in both sending and receiving countries.

This publication explores different challenges posed to home and host country governments engaging with their diasporas for development purposes. How to define diasporas? How to gather data on diasporas? How to incorporate diaspora contributions into development strategies? How to identify most relevant partners within the diasporas? What incentives are conducive to diaspora contributions? What resources are available within diasporas and how can their impact on development be maximized? What is the role for policy? These are some of the questions raised in this publication.

Despite clear aspirations by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to create an effective and transparent framework to facilitate movements among skilled professionals within the ASEAN by December 2015, progress has been slow and uneven. This report examines the challenges ASEAN member states face in achieving the goal of greater mobility for the highly skilled, including hurdles in recognizing professional qualifications, opening up access to certain jobs, and a limited willingness by professionals to move due to perceived cultural, language, and socioeconomic differences. The cost of these barriers is staggering and could reduce the region's competitiveness in the global market. This report launches a multiyear effort by ADB and the Migration Policy Institute to better understand the issues and develop strategies to gradually overcome the problems. It offers a range of policy recommendations that have been discussed among experts in a high-level expert meeting, taking into account best practices locally and across the region.

This volume develops a pragmatic approach to the engagement of highly skilled members of the diaspora for the benefit of their countries of origin. The book is based on empirical work in middle-income economies such as those in Argentina, Mexico, and Russia, as well as in high-income countries such as South Korea, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Contents Foreword Demetrios G. Papademetriou / Kathleen Newland (MPI) Part I: Talent Abroad and Institutional Dynamics at Home: Conceptual Issues 1. Introduction and Overview, Yevgeny Kuznetsov (World Bank) 2. Passions Fuelling Interests: Unraveling Motivation of Diaspora Entrepreneurs Jennifer Brinkerhoff (George Washington University) Part II: Global Search for Local Solutions: Role of Diasporas 3. Diaspora Elites Supporting India's Institutional Development: Responding to Big Challenges in Infrastructure and Public Service Provision Devesh Kapur (University of Pennsylvania) 4. Africa's Talent Abroad Supporting Institutional Development in Africa Tanja Faller (African Development Bank) 5. Tacit Skills Formation and Labor Market Incorporation of Mexican Immigrants in the United States Natasha Iskander (New York University) and Nichola Lowe (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) 6. Diasporas as Part of the Country: Skills Abroad for Reform Dynamics at Home Yevgeny Kuznetsov Part III: Expatriate Talent and Transformation of Innovation Systems at Home 7. Mexico and Argentina: Diaspora Search Networks Interacting with Home Countries-- Contrasts and Similarities Ezequiel Tacsir (Inter-American Development Bank), Adolfo Nemirovsky (World Bank), and Gabriel Yoguel (General Sarmiento National University, Buenos Aires) 8. Russia's Technological Diaspora: How to Make It Count in the Transformation of Innovation Systems Lev Freinkman (World Bank), Ksenia Gonchar (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia), and Yevgeny Kuznetsov 9. South Korea: Strong State, Large Diaspora, Weak Search Networks Jeong-Hyop Lee (STEPI), AnnaLee Saxenian (University of California-Berkeley) Part IV: Implications for Institutional Development and Design of Diaspora Initiatives 10. Principles and Lessons of Institutional Design of a New Generation of Diaspora Initiatives Yevgeny Kuznetsov 11. Diaspora for Development: In Search of a New Generation of Diaspora Strategies Mark Boyle and Rob Kitchin (National University of Ireland-Maynooth)

Diasporas play an increasingly prominent role in discussions on foreign assistance and development policy. Governments of migrant-sending countries are working to attract both the talents and resources of emigrants and their descendants while governments of aid-sending countries hope to improve the outcomes of development assistance by engaging the talents and expertise of diasporas. Independently of governments, many diaspora groups or individuals recognize profitable opportunities in their homelands or contribute their time, talents, and resources to improving the quality of life there. This volume examines the development impact of diasporas in six critical areas: entrepreneurship, capital markets, "nostalgia" trade and "heritage" tourism, philanthropy, volunteerism, and advocacy. It is the result of research commissioned by the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Poverty Reduction, Diaspora Networks Alliance. Contributors include Roberto Munster, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Carlyanna Taylor, and Aaron Terrazas.

Human geopolitics, the competition for population rather than territory, is an essential but weakly understood dimension of world politics today. Such competition has preceded violent conflict throughout history, but has been muted since the Treaties of Westphalia laid the territorial foundations of the modern international system in the mid-seventeenth century. Today, however, human geopolitics is being resurrected in unanticipated ways, as governments are enabled and encouraged to engage their emigrant diasporas. How and why is this happening? Until now these questions have been difficult to answer. The majority of research attention has focused on questions of immigration policy in a handful of wealthy migrant destination countries, largely ignoring the emigration policies that preoccupy the worlds many migrant origin states. This book addresses that research imbalance, by focusing on the overlooked sending side of migration policy. Drawing on data covering all UN members across the post-WWII period, and fieldwork with high-level policy makers across 60 states and a dozen international organisations, the book charts the re-emergence of human geopolitics through the global spread of diaspora institutions government ministries and offices dedicated to emigrants and their descendants. It calls for the development of stronger guiding principles and evaluation frameworks to govern these new state-diaspora relations in an era of unprecedented global interdependence.