Much emphasis has been placed on the role that individualism, self-interest and reciprocity have in the formation and function of international legal rules. Rarely has attention been given to the presence of altruism in legal systems, let alone the international legal system. In a study that is the first of its kind in international legal scholarship, Altruism in International Law explores and analyses the emergence of altruistic legal relationships between states and people in other countries. The book also argues that the impulse for the emergence of these relationships is a cosmopolitan ideology, which co-exists with a persisting statist ideology, among the major actors in international law-making processes. Further still, the book reveals that individualistic legal norms are more often manifested as strict rules while altruistic legal norms find expression in flexible standards. This suggests that there is a connection between substance and form in international law.

This book is an assault on the notion that it is empirically accurate and legally and philosophically satisfactory to see humans as atomistic entities. It contends that our welfare is inextricably entangled with that of others, and accordingly law and ethics, in determining our best interests, should recognise the central importance of relationality, the performance of obligations, and (even apparently injurious) altruism.

The first book-length study of international law through the lens of altruism.

This book addresses the disparity between positive non-treaty law and its scholarly assessment in the area of moral concepts, understood as altruistic as opposed to reciprocal legal obligations. It shows how scholars are generously willing to assert the existence of a rule of international law, thereby moving further away from actual state practice, not taking into account the factors of legal rhetoric and the core survival interests of the state in the formation of custom and general principles of law. The main argument is that such moral concepts can simply not manifest themselves as non-treaty sources of international law from a dogmatic perspective. The reason is the inherent connection between the formation of the non-treaty sources of international law and state interest that makes it difficult, if not impossible, to assess state practice or opinio juris in the case of altruistic obligations. The book further demonstrates this finding by looking at two cases in point: Human rights and humanitarian exceptions to the prohibition of force. As opposed to the majority of existing works on the subject, State Interest and the Sources of International Law takes a bigger-picture approach to a number of distinct problems in international law scholarship by looking at the building blocks of international relations on the one hand, and merging this with sources doctrine on the other. It will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of international law, human rights, international relations, political science, legal philosophy, and legal theory.

With "THE ALTRUISM CODE - Your Protection" you can stay safe no matter what is going on in the world around you. You can remain untouched in the middle of a war, prosperous in a global recession, healthy in a pandemic, comfortable in a changing climate and joyful rather than depressed. THE ALTRUISM CODE is the Constitution for a new civilization and the source-code for a new system of U.S. and international law. This code is a unifying principle to heal division and unite the world. It is also a powerful treatise on which lawyers can base arguments in courts. It is also loaded with easy to understand practical information that will serve as your protection from harm in life and means to create your purpose and dreams. The "altruism code" is your protection from harm and the foundation in law that asserts your rights. The ALTRUISM CODE is the legal basis of a new civilization. The altruism code which originated with William Eastwood's International Philosophy, lays the foundation of human altruism in law. "Consciousness is altruistic and consciousness can change our world." - William Eastwood. Every person's dignity is protected by universal, intrinsic law and international philosophy altruism law code. William Eastwood is an outsider and political influencer who worked for a Yale Professor when he was 13 years old. Add this Magna Carta masterpiece to your law or self-help best books collection now. Original and one-of-a-kind new precedent for humanity and a new era of peace and prosperity for the human race. War and crime will be done with once and for all.

Black and gray markets for body parts are illegal, but also pioneering and inventive. Although this type of criminal activity requires dexterity and innovation, these markets thrive and flourish, sometimes in view of law. On the other hand, altruistic procurement is mired by low participation, which encourages black market transactions. Thousands of patients die each year waiting for an organ or bone marrow donation through the altruistic procurement system, so some turn to the dark side. This book offers a frank discussion of altruism in the global body market. It exposes how researchers exploit their patients' ignorance to harvest tissue samples, blood, and other biologics without consent, chronicles exploitation in the name of altruism, including the non-consensual use of children in dangerous clinical trials, and analyzes social and legal commitments to the value of altruism - offering an important critique of the vulnerability of altruism to corruption, coercion, pressure, and other negative externalities.