Part II (p.315-359) concerns the removal of Aleuts to camps in southeastern Alaska and their subsequent resettlement at war's end.

Between 1942 and 1945, the U.S. government wrongfully imprisoned thousands of Japanese American citizens and profited from their labor. Japanese American Incarceration recasts the forced removal and incarceration of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II as a history of prison labor and exploitation. Following Franklin Roosevelt's 1942 Executive Order 9066, which called for the exclusion of potentially dangerous groups from military zones along the West Coast, the federal government placed Japanese Americans in makeshift prisons throughout the country. In addition to working on day-to-day operations of the camps, Japanese Americans were coerced into harvesting crops, digging irrigation ditches, paving roads, and building barracks for little to no compensation and often at the behest of privately run businesses—all in the name of national security. How did the U.S. government use incarceration to address labor demands during World War II, and how did imprisoned Japanese Americans respond to the stripping of not only their civil rights, but their labor rights as well? Using a variety of archives and collected oral histories, Japanese American Incarceration uncovers the startling answers to these questions. Stephanie Hinnershitz's timely study connects the government's exploitation of imprisoned Japanese Americans to the history of prison labor in the United States.

Confinement and Ethnicity documents in unprecedented detail the various facilities in which persons of Japanese descent living in the western United States were confined during World War II: the fifteen “assembly centers” run by the U.S. Army’s Wartime Civil Control Administration, the ten “relocation centers” created by the War Relocation Authority, and the internment camps, penitentiaries, and other sites under the jurisdiction of the Justice and War Departments. Originally published as a report of the Western Archeological and Conservation Center of the National Park Service, it is now reissued in a corrected edition, with a new Foreword by Tetsuden Kashima, associate professor of American ethnic studies at the University of Washington. Based on archival research, field visits, and interviews with former residents, Confinement and Ethnicity provides an overview of the architectural remnants, archeological features, and artifacts remaining at the various sites. Included are numerous maps, diagrams, charts, and photographs. Historic images of the sites and their inhabitants -- including several by Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams -- are combined with photographs of present-day settings, showing concrete foundations, fence posts, inmate-constructed drainage ditches, and foundations and parts of buildings, as well as inscriptions in Japanese and English written or scratched on walls and rocks. The result is a unique and poignant treasure house of information for former residents and their descendants, for Asian American and World War II historians, and for anyone interested in the facts about what the authors call these “sites of shame.”

The internment of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II is one of the most shameful episodes in American history. This history and reference guide will help students and other interested readers to understand the history of this action and its reinterpretation in recent years, but it will also help readers to understand the Japanese American wartime experience through the words of those who were interned. Why did the U.S. government take this extraordinary action? How was the evacuation and resettlement handled? How did Japanese Americans feel on being asked to leave their homes and live in what amounted to concentration camps? How did they respond, and did they resist? What developments have taken place in the last twenty years that have reevaluated this wartime action? A variety of materials is provided to assist readers in understanding the internment experience. Six interpretive essays examine key aspects of the event and provide new interpretations based on the most recent scholarship. Essays include: - A short narrative history of the Japanese in America before World War II - The evacuation - Life within barbed wire-the assembly and relocation centers - The question of loyalty-Japanese Americans in the military and draft resisters - Legal challenges to the evacuation and internment - After the war-resettlement and redress A chronology of events, 26 biographical profiles of important figures, the text of 10 key primary documents--from Executive Order 9066, which authorized the internment camps, to first-person accounts of the internment experience--a glossary of terms, and an annotative bibliography of recommended print sources and web sites provide ready reference value. Every library should update its resources on World War II with this history and reference guide.

This is a unique federal report on the relocation sites used in the World War II internment of Japanese Americans. This report provides an overview of the tangible remains currently left at the sites of the Japanese American internment during World War II. The main focus is on the War Relocation Authority's relocation centers, but Department of Justice and U.S. Army facilities where Japanese Americans were interned are also considered. The goal of the study has been to provide information for the National Landmark Theme Study called for in the Manzanar National Historic Site enabling legislation. Archival research, field visits, and interviews with former internees provide preliminary documentation about the architectural remnants, the archeological features, and the artifacts remaining at the sites. The degree of preservation varies tremendously. At some locations, modern development has obscured many traces of the World War II-era buildings and features. At a few sites, relocation center buildings still stand, and some are still in use. Overall the physical remains at all the sites are evocative of this very significant, if shameful, episode in U.S. history, and all appear to merit National Register of Historic Places or National Historic Landmark status. Chapter 1 - Sites of Shame: An Introduction * Chapter 2 - To Undo a Mistake is Always Harder Than Not to Create One Originally by Eleanor Roosevelt * Chapter 3 - A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II * Chapter 4 - Gila River Relocation Center, Arizona * Chapter 5 - Granada Relocation Center, Colorado * Chapter 6 - Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Wyoming * Chapter 7 - Jerome Relocation Center, Arkansas * Chapter 8 - Manzanar Relocation Center, California * Chapter 9 - Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho * Chapter 10 - Poston Relocation Center, Arizona * Chapter 11 - Rohwer Relocation Center, Arkansas * Chapter 12 - Topaz Relocation Center, Utah * Chapter 13 - Tule Lake Relocation Center, California * Chapter 14 - Citizen Isolation Centers * Moab, Utah * Leupp, Arizona * Chapter 15 - Additional War Relocation Authority Facilities * Antelope Springs, Utah * Cow Creek, Death Valley, California * Tulelake, California * Chapter 16 - Assembly Centers * Fresno, California * Marysville, California * Mayer, Arizona * Merced, California * Pinedale, California * Pomona, California * Portland, Oregon * Puyallup, Washington * Sacramento, California * Salinas, California * Santa Anita, California * Stockton, California * Tanforan, California * Tulare, California * Turlock, California * Chapter 17 - Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities * Temporary Detention Stations * Department of Justice Internment Camps * Crystal City Internment Center, Texas * Kenedy Internment Center, Texas * Kooskia Work Camp, Idaho * Fort Lincoln, North Dakota * Fort Missoula, Montana * Fort Stanton, New Mexico * Santa Fe, New Mexico * Segoville, Texas * U.S. Army Facilities * Camp Lordsburg, New Mexico * Fort Sill, Oklahoma * Stringtown, Oklahoma * Alaska and Hawaii * Other U.S. Army Sites * Chapter 18 - Federal Bureau of Prisons * Catalina Federal Honor Camp, Arizona * Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas * McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary, Washington

In this revisionist history of the United States government relocation of Japanese-American citizens during World War II, Roger W. Lotchin challenges the prevailing notion that racism was the cause of the creation of these centers. After unpacking the origins and meanings of American attitudes toward the Japanese-Americans, Lotchin then shows that Japanese relocation was a consequence of nationalism rather than racism. Lotchin also explores the conditions in the relocation centers and the experiences of those who lived there, with discussions on health, religion, recreation, economics, consumerism, and theater. He honors those affected by uncovering the complexity of how and why their relocation happened, and makes it clear that most Japanese-Americans never went to a relocation center. Written by a specialist in US home front studies, this book will be required reading for scholars and students of the American home front during World War II, Japanese relocation, and the history of Japanese immigrants in America.