The Science of Conjecture

The Science of Conjecture
Title The Science of Conjecture PDF eBook
Author James Franklin
Publisher JHU Press
Total Pages 767
Release 2015-08-01
Genre Science
ISBN 1421418819

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How did we make reliable predictions before Pascal and Fermat's discovery of the mathematics of probability in 1654? What methods in law, science, commerce, philosophy, and logic helped us to get at the truth in cases where certainty was not attainable? In The Science of Conjecture, James Franklin examines how judges, witch inquisitors, and juries evaluated evidence; how scientists weighed reasons for and against scientific theories; and how merchants counted shipwrecks to determine insurance rates. The Science of Conjecture provides a history of rational methods of dealing with uncertainty and explores the coming to consciousness of the human understanding of risk.

Conjectures and Refutations

Conjectures and Refutations
Title Conjectures and Refutations PDF eBook
Author Karl Raimund Popper
Publisher Psychology Press
Total Pages 614
Release 2002
Genre Knowledge, Theory of
ISBN 9780415285940

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Conjectures and Refutations is one of Karl Popper's most wide-ranging and popular works, notable not only for its acute insight into the way scientific knowledge grows, but also for applying those insights to politics and to history. It provides one of the clearest and most accessible statements of the fundamental idea that guided his work: not only our knowledge, but our aims and our standards, grow through an unending process of trial and error.

Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture

Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture
Title Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture PDF eBook
Author Apostolos Doxiadis
Publisher Faber & Faber
Total Pages 148
Release 2012-11-15
Genre Fiction
ISBN 057129569X

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Uncle Petros is a family joke. An ageing recluse, he lives alone in a suburb of Athens, playing chess and tending to his garden. If you didn't know better, you'd surely think he was one of life's failures. But his young nephew suspects otherwise. For Uncle Petros, he discovers, was once a celebrated mathematician, brilliant and foolhardy enough to stake everything on solving a problem that had defied all attempts at proof for nearly three centuries - Goldbach's Conjecture. His quest brings him into contact with some of the century's greatest mathematicians, including the Indian prodigy Ramanujan and the young Alan Turing. But his struggle is lonely and single-minded, and by the end it has apparently destroyed his life. Until that is a final encounter with his nephew opens up to Petros, once more, the deep mysterious beauty of mathematics. Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture is an inspiring novel of intellectual adventure, proud genius, the exhilaration of pure mathematics - and the rivalry and antagonism which torment those who pursue impossible goals.

The Science of Conjecture

The Science of Conjecture
Title The Science of Conjecture PDF eBook
Author James Franklin
Publisher JHU Press
Total Pages 520
Release 2015-08
Genre History
ISBN 1421418800

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The Science of Conjecture provides a history of rational methods of dealing with uncertainty and explores the coming to consciousness of the human understanding of risk.

The Poincare Conjecture

The Poincare Conjecture
Title The Poincare Conjecture PDF eBook
Author Donal O'Shea
Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Total Pages 306
Release 2009-05-26
Genre Mathematics
ISBN 0802718949

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Henri Poincaré was one of the greatest mathematicians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He revolutionized the field of topology, which studies properties of geometric configurations that are unchanged by stretching or twisting. The Poincaré conjecture lies at the heart of modern geometry and topology, and even pertains to the possible shape of the universe. The conjecture states that there is only one shape possible for a finite universe in which every loop can be contracted to a single point. Poincaré's conjecture is one of the seven "millennium problems" that bring a one-million-dollar award for a solution. Grigory Perelman, a Russian mathematician, has offered a proof that is likely to win the Fields Medal, the mathematical equivalent of a Nobel prize, in August 2006. He also will almost certainly share a Clay Institute millennium award. In telling the vibrant story of The Poincaré Conjecture, Donal O'Shea makes accessible to general readers for the first time the meaning of the conjecture, and brings alive the field of mathematics and the achievements of generations of mathematicians whose work have led to Perelman's proof of this famous conjecture.

The Art of Causal Conjecture

The Art of Causal Conjecture
Title The Art of Causal Conjecture PDF eBook
Author Glenn Shafer
Publisher MIT Press
Total Pages 554
Release 1996
Genre Computers
ISBN 9780262193689

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In The Art of Causal Conjecture, Glenn Shafer lays out a new mathematical and philosophical foundation for probability and uses it to explain concepts of causality used in statistics, artificial intelligence, and philosophy. The various disciplines that use causal reasoning differ in the relative weight they put on security and precision of knowledge as opposed to timeliness of action. The natural and social sciences seek high levels of certainty in the identification of causes and high levels of precision in the measurement of their effects. The practical sciences -- medicine, business, engineering, and artificial intelligence -- must act on causal conjectures based on more limited knowledge. Shafer's understanding of causality contributes to both of these uses of causal reasoning. His language for causal explanation can guide statistical investigation in the natural and social sciences, and it can also be used to formulate assumptions of causal uniformity needed for decision making in the practical sciences. Causal ideas permeate the use of probability and statistics in all branches of industry, commerce, government, and science. The Art of Causal Conjecture shows that causal ideas can be equally important in theory. It does not challenge the maxim that causation cannot be proven from statistics alone, but by bringing causal ideas into the foundations of probability, it allows causal conjectures to be more clearly quantified, debated, and confronted by statistical evidence.

The Pauli-Jung Conjecture and Its Impact Today

The Pauli-Jung Conjecture and Its Impact Today
Title The Pauli-Jung Conjecture and Its Impact Today PDF eBook
Author Harald Atmanspacher
Publisher Andrews UK Limited
Total Pages 333
Release 2017-01-16
Genre Science
ISBN 1845407598

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Related to the key areas of Pauli's and Jung's joint interests, the book covers overlapping issues from the perspectives of physics, philosophy, and psychology. Of primary significance are epistemological questions connected to issues such as realism, measurement, observation, consciousness, and the unconscious. The contributions assess the extensive material that we have about Pauli's and Jung's ideas today, with particular respect to concrete research questions and projects based on and related to current knowledge.