Meat was originally processed to preserve it, but since the various procedures cause so many changes in texture and flavour it is also a means of adding variety to the diet. Processing also provides scope to mix the less desirable parts of the carcass with lean meat and in addition is a means of extending meat supplies by including other foodstuffs such as cereal in the product. Food preservation is a method of maintaining foods at a desired level of properties or nature for their maximum benefits. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and other micro organisms (although some methods work by introducing bacteria, or fungi to the food), as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Today, meat is processed with salt, colour fixing ingredients, and seasonings in order to impart desired palatability traits to intact and comminuted meat products. Products intermediate to these categories are sectioned, or chunked and formed meats. There are various methods for the preservation of meat; curing, dry curing, smoking, canning, freezing dehydration, fat extraction (wet or steam rendering), etc. Meat curing agents include sodium chloride, nitrite, ascorbate or erythorbate and possibly sodium phosphate, sucrose, dextrose, or corn syrup and seasonings. The salt content of processed meats varies 1 to 12%, according to the type of product. Many intact and comminuted, cured meat products are smoked to impart a desirable smoked flavour and colour. The smoking process many also include a drying or cooking cycle, depending on the product. Canned meats may be processed to be commercially sterile or semi preserved. The objective of commercial sterilization is to destroy all harmful bacteria or bacteria that may cause spoilage of the product under normal unrefrigerated storage. However, the process does not kill the spores of all heat resistant bacteria. Frozen meat can be kept at low temperatures for many months. Freezing and subsequent thawing produce changes in the structure of meat that affect its physical properties. If meat is frozen very rapidly at low temperatures, the ice crystals are small and form within the fibers. The drip loss upon thawing is generally greater in slow frozen than in quick frozen meat. Freeze drying meat extends shelf life and reduces weight. The meat is readily defrosted by immersing in water before cooking. Under optimum processing and storage conditions, reconstituted meats have acceptable flavour, colour, texture and nutrient retention. The meat packing industry handles the slaughtering, processing, packaging, and distribution of animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock. The basic purpose of packaging is to protect meat and meat products from undesirable impacts on quality including microbiological and physio chemical alterations. Packaging protects foodstuffs during processing, storage and distribution from contamination by dirt (by contact with surfaces and hands), microorganisms (bacteria, moulds, and yeasts), parasites (mainly insects), toxic substances (chemicals), influences affecting colour, smell and taste (off odour, light, oxygen), loss or uptake of moisture. As such, due to the recent up gradation of preservation techniques, the preservation industry is also growing almost at the same rate as the food industry which is about 10 to 12% per year. Some of the fundamentals of the book are meat product, simultaneous flavouring and tenderizing, synthetic flavouring, preservation: moisture retention and surface protection, antimicrobial treatment, antioxidant application to freeze dried meats, packaging and handling for storage and transportation, continuous steam cooking of ground meat, activators of natural proteolytic enzymes, isotonic enzyme solution with specific activity, inactivation of enzymes with high pressure, etc. The origin of meat processing is lost in antiquity but probably began when primitive humans first learned that salt is an effective preservative and that cooking prolongs the keeping quality of fresh meat. This book includes the processing of fresh meats, the different curing agents, method of curing, smoking and manufacturing of various meat products such as sausages, canned meat, cured and smoked meats etc. The book is very useful for entrepreneurs, technocrats and those who want to venture in to this field. 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India is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. Livestock and poultry in Indian tropical and sub tropics play a critical role in agriculture economy by providing milk, meat, eggs etc and provide flexible reserves during period of economic stress and buffer against crop failure. Mutton and Chicken is an important livestock product which in its widest sense includes all those parts of the animals that are used as the food by the man. So, with increase in population there is also an increasing consumer demand for food products that are low in fat, salt and cholesterol at local, national and international levels. Food manufacturers need to be able to produce meat, poultry and fish products which are considered to be healthy and that can meet the consumer demands. Meat industry, although is a very developing stage in India, is the top food industry in the world. Processed meat products are poised for continuous growth in the country. Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector. The main aim of this book is to provide complete guide on meat, fish and poultry processing. Owing to the wide variety of products and type of processes and treatments (curing, dry curing, fermentation, cooking smoking etc), this products need particular analytical methodologies for proper consumption. It examines the nutritional principles behind the drive for reductions in fat, salt and cholesterol in our diet, and illustrates formulations and procedures utilized to produce such products. The reader would get to explore brief discussion regarding the Indian meat industry followed by the next chapter which includes structure, composition and nutritive value of meat tissues, postmortem changes and some meat quality parameters are also added in the preceding chapters. It also discuss about meat cutting and packaging, processing of meat and meat products, microbial and other deteriorative changes in meat and their identification, chemical composition and nutritive value of poultry meat, pre slaughter handling, transport and dressing of poultry, fish products, freezing fish fillets, miscellaneous fish dishes, spreads, salads, loaves fish spreads for appetizers, sandwiches, shellfish and miscellaneous marine products, meat removal and pre freezing treatment, packing and freezing, classes and sizes of fresh and frozen oysters, freezing whole raw lobsters etc. The book contains manufacturing processes of various meat, chicken and fish products in much illustrative manner. Special content on machinery equipment photographs along with supplier details has also been included. It is anticipated that, it turns out to be a resourceful book for entrepreneurs, technocrats, food technologists and others linked with this industry; as this would be an invaluable reference source for meat, poultry and fish processors, and food industry personnel involved in the development and marketing of new products.

This handbook comprehensively presents the current status of the manufacturing of the most important meat products. Editor and renowned meat expert Fidel Toldrá heads an international collection of meat scientists who have contributed to this essential reference book. Coverage is divided into three parts. Part one, Technologies, begins with discussions on meat chemistry, biochemistry and quality and then provides background information on main technologies involved in the processing of meat, such as freezing, cooking, smoking, fermentation, emulsification, drying and curing. Also included are key chapters on packaging, spoilage prevention and plant cleaning and sanitation. Part two, Products, is focused on the description of the manufacture of the most important products, including cooked and dry-cured hams, cooked and fermented sausages, bacon, canned meat, paté, restructured meats and functional meat products. Each chapter addresses raw materials, ingredients and additives, processing technology, main types of products, production data, particular characteristics and sensory aspects, and future trends. Part three, Controls, offers current approaches for the control of the quality and safety of manufactured meat products, with coverage including sensory evaluation; chemical and biological hazards including GMOs; HACCP; and quality assurance. This book is an invaluable resource for all meat scientists, meat processors, R&D professionals and product developers. Key features: Unparalleled international expertise of editor and contributing authors Addresses the state of the art of manufacturing the most important meat products Special focus on approaches to control the safety and quality of processed meats Extensive coverage of production technologies, sanitation, packaging and sensory evaluation

Retitled to reflect expansion of coverage from the first edition, Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition, contains a complete update of materials and nearly twice the number of chapters. Divided into seven parts, the book covers the entire range of issues related to meat and meat processing, from nutrients to techniques for preservation and extending shelf life. Topics discussed include: An overview of the meat-processing industry The basic science of meat, with chapters on muscle biology, meat consumption, and chemistry Meat attributes and characteristics, including color, flavor, quality assessment, analysis, texture, and control of microbial contamination The primary processing of meat, including slaughter, carcass evaluation, and kosher laws Principles and applications in the secondary processing of meat, including breading, curing, fermenting, smoking, and marinating The manufacture of processed meat products such as sausage and ham The safety of meat products and meat workers, including sanitation issues and hazard analysis Drawn from the combined efforts of nearly 100 experts from 16 countries, the book has been carefully vetted to ensure technical accuracy for each topic. This definitive guide to meat and meat products it is a critical tool for all food industry professionals and regulatory personnel.

Fruits and vegetables are processed into a variety of products such as juices and concentrates, pulp, canned and dehydrated products, jams and jellies, pickles and chutneys etc. The extent of processing of fruits and vegetables varies from one country to another. The technology for preservation also varies with type of products and targeted market. Owing to the perishable nature of the fresh produce, international trade in vegetables is mostly confined to the processed forms. India is the second largest producer of fruits & vegetables in the world with an annual production of million tonnes. It accounts for about 15 per cent of the world’s production of vegetables. Due to the short shelf life of these crops, as much as 30-35% of fruits and vegetables perish during harvest, storage, grading, transport, packaging and distribution. Hence, there is a need for processing technology of fruits and vegetables to cater the domestic demand. The major contents of the book are procedures for fruit and vegetable preservation, chemical preservation of foods, food preservation by fermentation, preservation by drying, canning fruits, syrups and brines for canning, fruit beverages, fermented beverages, jams, jellies and marmalades, tomato products, chutneys, sauces and pickles, vegetables preparation for processing, vegetable juices, sauces and soups, vegetable dehydration, freezing of vegetables etc. The book also contains sample plant layout and photographs of machinery with supplier’s contact details. A total guide to manufacturing and entrepreneurial success in one of today's most food processing industry. This book is one-stop guide to one of the fastest growing sectors of the food processing industry, where opportunities abound for manufacturers, retailers, and entrepreneurs. This is the only complete handbook on the commercial production of food processing products. It serves up a feast of how-to information, from concept to purchasing equipment.

Ceramics also known as fire clay is an inorganic, non-metallic solid article, which is produced by the art or technique of heat and subsequent cooling. The ceramics industry in India came into existence about a century ago and has matured over time to form an industrial base. From traditional pottery making, the industry has evolved to find its place in the market for sophisticated insulators, electronic and electrical items. The ceramic industry has been modernizing continuously, by newer innovations in product design, quality etc. Glass is an inorganic product typically produced by melting a mixture of silica, soda and calcium compound with desired metallic oxides that serves as coloring agents. Indian glass industry will increase on the sidelines of real estate growth across retail, residential and office estate. Glass production involves the fusion of several inorganic substances. These various substances include products such as silica sand, soda ash, dolomite and limestone, representing together 99% of all the raw materials, excluding recycled glass. Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In most cases nucleation agents are added to the base composition of the glass-ceramic. These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process. Glass-ceramics are fine-grained polycrystalline materials formed when glasses of suitable compositions are heat treated and thus undergo controlled crystallization to the lower energy, crystalline state. It is important to emphasize a number of points in this statement on glass ceramics.Glass ceramics has helped the electronics industry build much smaller and highly efficient transistors, leading to advances in all types of devices. The book covers almost all important aspects of Glass and Ceramic Industry: Properties, Applications, Manufacturing, Processing and Photographs of Plant &Machinery with Supplier’s Contact Details. The major contents of the book are types of glasses, silicate glasses, boric oxide and borate glasses, phosphorus pentoxide and phosphate glasses, germanium dioxide and germanate glasses, titanate glasses, nitrate glasses, glasses based on water, halide glasses, modern glass working, monax and pyrex glass, electric welding, photo electric cells, glassy metals, analysis of glass, glass ceramics, ceramics as electrical materials, analysis of ceramics etc. The book will be useful to the consultants, technocrats, research scholars, libraries and existing units and new entrepreneurswho will find a good base to work further in this field.

The Science of Animal Growth and Meat Technology, Second Edition, combines fundamental science- based and applied, practical concepts relating to the prenatal and postnatal growth of cattle, sheep and pigs. It provides the necessary components to understand the production and growth of livestock for safe and quality meat products and presents an understanding of the principles of meat science and technology that is needed to understand the meat industry. Information on the slaughter process of animals, muscle structure and meat tenderness, meat quality, meat safety, and microbiology makes this a valuable self-study reference for students and professionals entering the field. Describes principles in muscle metabolism, meat quality and meat safety using case studies Discusses the microbial safety of meat products, primary pathogens of concern, and pathogen detection Offers solutions on how to control bacterial growth to improve the safety and quality of meat Presents a new chapter on packaging for meat and meat products that focuses on flexible film technology, packaging materials and equipment technology Includes new information on inspection systems prior to slaughter, during slaughter, and the inspection of meat processing systems