The symbolic value of targets is what differentiates terrorism from other forms of extreme violence. Terrorism is designed to inflict deep psychological wounds on an enemy rather than demolish its material ability to fight. The September 11, 2001 attacks, for example, demonstrated the power of symbolism. The World Trade Center was targeted by Al Qaeda because the Twin Towers epitomized Western civilization, U.S. imperialism, financial success, modernity, and freedom. The symbolic character of terrorism is the focus of this textbook. A comprehensive analysis, it incorporates descriptions, definitions, case studies, and theories. Each chapter focuses on a specific dimension of symbolism in terrorism and explains the contexts and processes that involve the main actors as well as the symbolism of both the purposes and targets of terrorism. Also discussed are new religious movements, which represent another important aspect of terrorism, such as Aum Shinrikyo, the Japanese cult that used sarin gas in the Tokyo subway in 1995. Over forty areas of symbolism are covered throughout the chapters, including physical and non-physical symbolism, linguistic symbolism, the social construction of reality, rituals, myths, performative violence, iconoclasm, brand management, logos, semiotics, new media, and the global village. This allows for an in-depth examination of many issues, such as anti-globalization, honor killing, religious terrorism, suicide terrorism, martyrdom, weapons, female terrorism, public communication, visual motifs, and cyberspace. Main concepts are clearly defined, and followed by theory illustrated by international case studies. Chapter summaries, key points, review questions, research and practice suggestions are recurring components as well. This groundbreaking text encompasses all major aspects of symbolism in terrorism and will be an essential resource for anyone studying terrorism.

ABOUT THE BOOK Since the terrorist attack of September 11th America has been filled with clouds of evil. They have darkened our reason and covered us with ashes of anger. How do we sort out our feelings of revenge and retaliation with those of understanding, compassion and love? Some of us believe knowledge of American history will give us the insight and maturity that we need to help our nation through this war on terrorism. We need to understand the basic principles of democracy and freedom to know what we have fought for in the past and what we fight for now. Americans need to rededicate themselves to the cause of freedom to face the future. Freedom should not be taken for granted because there are those who would take it from us. We need to understand that some governments terrorize and abuse their people. These governments intentionally control their people by keeping them oppressed and ignorant. The history of our country is great but as Thomas Jefferson warned: "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, it expects what never was and never will be." A recent alarming ACTA report which polled seniors at the nation's top 55 colleges indicates that we have a generation of Americans who are historically illiterate. The survey revealed that almost half would fail the basic test in American history required for immigrants who seek citizenship in the United States. American Symbols For Schools has the common information about the different state flowers, birds and trees as well as information about the many new symbols which the states have enacted which includes their scientific names and dates of inception it also includes the active and colorful history of each state and interesting facts and trivia about the states. This special commemorative Civics and History reference book also contains the American Symbols Collection (flags, seals and more than 150 photographs of American symbols), National symbols, History, National Parks, Places of Interest, Tourist Information, United We Stand Anthem, Song and Bookmark. Editorial Reviews From the Author As author of this keepsake edition I have taken great care in compiling this information to insure its value to you in your library. I sincerely hope you enjoy reading American Symbols For Schools as much as I enjoyed writing it. Debbie Sennett

The aphorism says: "A picture speaks s thousand words", therefore studying the symbolism of armed organisations can throw light on the ideology of armed organisations as well as make the political course and fighting tactics more evident. This book is a guide to the symbolism of armed non-governmental organisations, including terrorists, partisans, separatists, self-defence squads, militias, armed sects, umbrella organisations and also political parties and movements closely tied to armed organisations. The book contains a total of 400 organisations from 90 countries and almost 800 symbols. There are symbols of organisations from a hundred years ago, as well as modern ones. The knowledge of symbolism will allow quick and easy identification of propagandist and program materials of different weaponed movements. Today, despite lots of literature about terrorism, symbolism and armoury, a complete book about the symbols of terrorism and weaponed movements has not been written.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 created a new political landscape and a new era of warfare. Language, Symbols, and the Media offers insights into the impact and influence of 9/11 upon our cultural, social and political life. The book opens with an introductory chapter on communications, media language, and visual symbolism in the immediate wake of the attacks. The second chapter considers the challenge to religious pluralism, analyzing the grounds for the immediate backlash against Islam. Chapter 3 reviews several crucial historical and contemporary Supreme Court rulings relevant to the limitations of free speech in times of war and national crises. The consideration of First Amendment rights is continued in chapter 4, which places the Patriot Act in historical context by comparing the legislation and its interpretation of it to other legislation passed in response to past American crises. The immediate aftermath of the attacks witnessed many calls for an end to "the age of irony" and a return to "traditional values." Chapter 5 considers some contrarian responses and analyzes the impact of irony as a rhetorical device in American culture. The unifying role of sport in the post-9/11 healing process in America is examined in chapter 6. Chapter 7 examines the reactions and responses of young adults to the events of 9/11 one year later. Chapter 8 demonstrates how politicians received a public "makeover" of their careers. Chapter 9 explores the impact of 9/11 on the rhetoric of advertising, while chapter 10 focuses more closely on how it affected the tourism industry. A concluding chapter examines several instances of media self-censorship and its implications for the policy making process during times of crisis. As historians and other analysts work towards greater understanding of the event that triggered our "war on terror," the role and function of language and communications will take on greater urgency. This volume will be of interest to cultural studies specialists, sociologists, journalists, political scientists, historians, as well as general readers. Robert E. Denton, Jr. holds the W. Thomas Rice Chair of Leadership Studies in the Department of Communication at Virginia Tech and serves as Director of the Rice Center for Leader Development. He is the author, co-author and editor of 15 books on political communication and campaigns.

In compiling this annotated bibliography on the psychology of terrorism, the author has defined terrorism as "acts of violence intentionally perpetrated on civilian noncombatants with the goal of furthering some ideological, religious or political objective." The principal focus is on nonstate actors. The task was to identify and analyze the scientific and professional social science literature pertaining to the psychological and/or behavioral dimensions of terrorist behavior (not on victimization or effects). The objectives were to explore what questions pertaining to terrorist groups and behavior had been asked by social science researchers; to identify the main findings from that research; and attempt to distill and summarize them within a framework of operationally relevant questions. To identify the relevant social science literature, the author began by searching a series of major academic databases using a systematic, iterative keyword strategy, mapping, where possible, onto existing subject headings. The focus was on locating professional social science literature published in major books or in peer-reviewed journals. Searches were conducted of the following databases October 2003: Sociofile/Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts (CJ Abstracts), Criminal Justice Periodical Index (CJPI), National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts (NCJRS), PsycInfo, Medline, and Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). Three types of annotations were provided for works in this bibliography: Author's Abstract -- this is the abstract of the work as provided (and often published) by the author; Editor's Annotation -- this is an annotation written by the editor of this bibliography; and Key Quote Summary -- this is an annotation composed of "key quotes" from the original work, edited to provide a cogent overview of its main points.

This title presents a comprehensive survey of the visual identity of the world's major terrorist organizations, from al-Qaeda and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine to the Tamil Tigers.