This working paper is based on country case studies of Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda, and an extensive literature review. In many parts of Africa, the demand for secondary teachers substantially exceeds the supply, due to factors such as secondary teacher attrition, bottlenecks in the teacher preparation system, and perceived unattractive conditions of service. Few countries have strong policies, strategies, and programs for recruiting able secondary school graduates to secondary teaching. The paper suggests several critical and promising areas for improvement in th.

Prepared for the World Bank through the Academy for Educational Development (AED) and funded by the Irish Trust Fund. This study uses an extensive literature review and subsequent field studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda to identify current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the recruitment, retention, and retraining of secondary teachers and principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also suggests ways of attracting teachers to the profession, retaining teachers and principals in the profession, and providing support to strengthen teachersand principals effectiveness.

G E C W O R K I N G P A P E R S E R I E S Recruiting, Retaining, and Retraining Secondary School Teachers and Principals in Sub-Saharan Africa 2005 S E C O N D A R Y E D U C A T I O N I N A F R I C A ( S E I A ) T H E M A T I C S T U D Y # 4 F U N D E D B Y T H E I R I S H T R U S T F U N D P R E P A R E D B Y T H E W O R L D B A N K T H R O U G H T H E A C A D E M Y F O R E D U C A T I O N A L D. [...] D E J A E G H E R E U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a w i t h E L I Z A B E T H L E U K A R E N B R Y N E R A c a d e m y f o r E d u c a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t A E D G L O B A L E D U C A T I O N C E N T E R A C A D E M Y F O R E D U C A T I O N A L D E V E L O P M E N T 2 0 0 5 / # 3 THE WORLD BANK About the AED Global Education Center About the Academy for Educational Develop. [...] AED works in all the major areas of human development, with a focus on improving education, health, and economic opportunities for the least advantaged in the United States and developing countries throughout the world. [...] AED works in all the major areas of human development, with a focus on improving education, health, and economic opportunities for the least advantaged in the United States and developing countries throughout the world. [...] The Academy for Educational Development Global Education Center is a leader in increasing access and improving the quality of education for children, youth, and adults.

The role of education in human well being and social development cannot be overestimated. After a number of highly commendable policies on education in the first decade of independence, the education system in Zimbabwe has taken a tumble that needs both examining and rectifying. This volume analyses the challenges facing the education system in Zimbabwe and explores and scrutinises theoretical and practical possibilities for restoring the educational dream that was initiated at independence in 1980. The book is targeted at academics, scholars, college and university students, policy makers and other stakeholders and advocates a multi-pronged approach that must involve all stakeholders if educational retransformation, reconstruction and restoration are to be achieved. The authors provide a range of recommendations for a project that would restore the educational dream in Zimbabwe.

Sarah Lange examines the effectiveness of cascade training, which constitutes a cost-effective training model in teacher training. In development cooperation countries, teaching quality is expected to improve with teacher professional development; for this purpose, she explores the effectiveness of training multipliers in schools in Cameroon. This research question is analysed with a design, which encompasses a questionnaire survey provided to teachers, students and principals as well as a teacher video survey and a student achievement test. The empirical results show the effects of cascade training on the learner-oriented teaching practice, if the trained teachers are supported in their role as change agents. Among the conditions for the conceptual quality and the implementation of cascade training, the continuity of school-based professional development is particularly emphasized in light of the results.

Teachers are at the heart of good education, and good teacher policies are essential to ensure adequate supply, deployment and management of teachers. Enrollment in primary education has grown rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet teacher policy in the region has oft en evolved without clear planning; in the absence of an overall strategy, countries have experienced serious problems with teacher supply and deployment, as well as with the quality of teaching. Based on case studies of education systems and practices in eight English-speaking African countries, 'Teachers in Anglophone Africa: Issues in Teacher Supply, Training, and Management' closely examines issues of teacher supply, deployment, management and finance. The book suggests that these issues are closely interrelated. Low numbers of qualified teaching graduates may result in teacher shortages; these shortages may make it difficult to deploy teachers effectively. Problems with teacher deployment may result in inefficient utilization of the teachers available, and those teachers' effectiveness may be further reduced by weak teacher management and support systems. The book identifies policies and practices that are working on the ground, noting their potential pitfalls and pointing out that policies designed to address one problem may make another problem worse. 'Teachers in Anglophone Africa: Issues in Teacher Supply, Training, and Management' offers a useful synthesis of the issues and draws together a series of promising practices, which can serve as positive suggestions for countries seeking to improve their teacher policies. The book should be of great assistance to education ministries and their development partners throughout the region as they address the challenges of the next phases of expansion in education.

Increasingly the role of management and governance is recognized as important for providing and delivering effective services at all levels of education. In view of the growing demand for more and better services at secondary education levels, these are crucial issues that must be addressed urgently. Sub-Saharan Africa's secondary education and training systems must become more efficient and more effective. The current (unit) costs of junior and senior secondary education in most African countries prevent massive expansion of post-primary education. This demands a holistic approach to governance and management issues. In parallel, there is a demand from civil society and governments for greater accountability. This study aims to present best practices and identify sustainable development plans for expansion and improved quality and efficiency in the delivery of secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa through better governance, management, and accountability.