Immigrants from China started settling in Calcutta, the British capital of colonial India, from the late eighteenth century. Initially, the immigrant community comprised of male workers, many of whom sojourned between China and India. Only in the early twentieth century was there a large influx of women and children from China. To address the educational needs of the children - both immigrant and locally-born - several Chinese-medium primary and middle schools were established in Calcutta by the community in the 1920s and 1930s. Using many hitherto unexplored textual sources and interviews in India, China, and Canada, this detailed and unprecedented study examines the history and significance of these Chinese-medium schools. It focuses on the role they played in preserving Chinese cultural identity not only through the use of educational curricula and textbooks imported from China, but also with the emphasis on the need to return to the ancestral homeland for higher education. This study also breaks new ground by examining the impact of political and other factionalism within the community as well as the India-China conflict of 1962 that resulted in the closure of most of the Chinese-medium schools in Calcutta by the 1980s.

Published in 1985. Cultural identity is a key factor in shaping educational policy. In many countries there are significant minority groups who require educating in a certain way in order to meet their specific cultural needs. Also, in countries which are trying to change direction politically, reshaping education is an important factor in bringing about this change. In many countries tension arises and reforms are required because educational policy fails to cater correctly for cultural needs. This book examines many facets of the problem in many important countries of the world. It looks at policies designed for ethnic minorities and at policies aimed at bringing about far-reaching societal and cultural change. It discusses the tensions caused by policies and the pressures for reform.

Based on a four‐year-long empirical study, this book employs contemporary theories from the Global South to investigate the role of education in the experience of migration and settlement of the Chakma people of Bangladesh in the city of Melbourne, Australia. Exploring the migration opportunities taken up by the Chakma and their efforts to retain, promote, and enrich their ethnic identity in Australia, the book critically examines the importance of education for ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities and the extent to which education helped the diasporic community in achieving a ‘better’ and ‘more secure’ life. It also positions education as a tool to help revive, maintain, and enrich the importance of culture and tradition, both in the home country and in the place of settlement and offers a theorisation of how the self-directed pursuit of education can create opportunities for minority peoples, to advocate human rights, Indigenous recognition and criticise a state’s failure to provide safety and security. This book will be of interest to academics and postgraduate students researching in the fields of education, diaspora studies, Indigenous studies, and migration studies.

This volume is a path-breaking contribution to the study of efforts of diaspora, indigenous, and minority groups, broadly defined, to use education (formal and informal) to sustain cultural continuity while grappling with the influences and demands of wider globalizing, nationalizing, or other homogenizing and assimilatory forces. Particular attention is given to groups that use educational elements other than second-language teaching alone in programs to sustain their particular cultural traditions. The focus of the book on cultural sustainability changes the nature of questions posed in multicultural education from those that address the opening of boundaries to issues of preserving boundaries in an open yet sustainable way. As forced and elective immigration trends are changing the composition of societies and the educational systems within them -- bringing a rich diversity of cultural experience to the teaching/learning process -- diaspora, indigenous, and minority groups are looking more and more for ways to sustain their cultures in the context of wider socio-political influences. This volume is a first opportunity to consider critically multicultural efforts in dialogue with educational options that are culturally particularistic but at the same time tolerant. Academics will find this an excellent reference book. Practitioners will draw inspiration in learning of others’ efforts to sustain cultures, and will engage in critical reflection on their own work vis-à-vis that of others. Teachers will realize they do not stand alone in their educational efforts and will uncover new strategies and methodologies through which to approach their work.

This handbook explores the evolution of African education in historical perspectives as well as the development within its three systems–Indigenous, Islamic, and Western education models—and how African societies have maintained and changed their approaches to education within and across these systems. African education continues to find itself at once preserving its knowledge, while integrating Islamic and Western aspects in order to compete within this global reality. Contributors take up issues and themes of the positioning, resistance, accommodation, and transformations of indigenous education in relationship to the introduction of Islamic and later Western education. Issues and themes raised acknowledge the contemporary development and positioning of indigenous education within African societies and provide understanding of how indigenous education works within individual societies and national frameworks as an essential part of African contemporary society.

Introducing the "Osage Tribe: From Hunters to Oil Barons" Book Bundle Delve into the captivating world of the Osage Tribe, a riveting journey through time, resilience, and cultural evolution. Embark on a comprehensive exploration of the Osage Nation's extraordinary history and the profound impact of their journey from ancient roots to becoming oil barons in the modern era. This unique book bundle offers a compelling collection of four meticulously researched volumes, each illuminating a crucial chapter in the Osage Tribe's captivating saga. Book 1 - From Ancient Roots to Modern Horizons: The Osage Nation's Journey Through Time Unearth the foundational roots of the Osage people as we take you on a thrilling expedition through their ancestral homeland and traditions. Discover how the Osage Nation navigated trials and tribulations, surviving colonial encroachments while fiercely preserving their cultural identity. Witness the transformation of a tribe whose roots run deep, shaping their modern horizons and aspirations. Book 2 - Blood Money and Black Gold: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI Step into the shadows of a dark era in Osage history as we delve into the chilling tale of the Osage Murders. Uncover the disturbing consequences of their oil wealth and the ensuing birth of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Explore a gripping narrative that unveils the indomitable spirit of the Osage people, seeking justice amidst a web of intrigue and betrayal. Book 3 - Cultural Renaissance: Osage Art, Language, and Identity in the 21st Century Witness the vibrant resurgence of Osage culture in the modern age. Immerse yourself in the reawakening of Osage art, language, and traditions as the tribe embraces their cultural heritage while adapting to the challenges of the 21st century. Experience a renaissance that celebrates their identity and artistic expressions, honoring the past while flourishing in the present. Book 4 - Sovereignty and Struggles: The Osage Tribe's Legal Battles and Political Activism Engage in the dynamic landscape of Osage sovereignty, where legal battles and political activism have shaped their destiny. Delve into the tribe's struggle to reclaim ancestral lands and navigate the complexities of federal policies. Witness their unwavering commitment to self-determination, ensuring their voice is heard in the corridors of power. Why Choose the "Osage Tribe: From Hunters to Oil Barons" Book Bundle? Comprehensive Exploration: This book bundle offers a comprehensive and in-depth journey through the Osage Tribe's history, providing a multifaceted understanding of their cultural evolution. Engaging Storytelling: Each volume is meticulously crafted, presenting a captivating narrative that will keep you turning the pages, eager to uncover the next chapter. Historical Accuracy: The Osage Tribe's history is carefully researched, ensuring that you gain accurate insights into their journey from the past to the present. Cultural Appreciation: Immerse yourself in the rich cultural heritage of the Osage people, experiencing their traditions, art, and language through vivid storytelling. Inspiration and Resilience: The Osage Tribe's journey serves as a source of inspiration, showcasing the strength and resilience of Indigenous communities worldwide. Don't miss this opportunity to embark on a transformative literary journey through the Osage Tribe's history, from their ancient roots to the heights of oil wealth. Immerse yourself in a captivating narrative that highlights the indomitable spirit of a people who have shaped their destiny while preserving their cultural identity. Discover the enduring legacy of the Osage Tribe as they transition from hunters to oil barons in this exceptional book bundle. Secure your copy of the "Osage Tribe: From Hunters to Oil Barons" Book Bundle today and experience the power of storytelling that celebrates the human spirit and the richness of cultural heritage.

Zusammenfassung: This is an open access book. Research and teaching activities in the fields of language, literature and culture are still being carried out even during the Covid -19 era that hit the world. It is undeniable that the results of research and learning of language, literature and culture at this time were a bit hindered because most activities were carried out from home. During the Covid-19 period, which started in early 2020, practically more activities were done at home. Likewise, institutions during the Covid-19 era were carried out online. For example, the Language Agency continues to carry out activities, but it is carried out online, such as online webinars that contribute to the wider community in accordance with the duties and functions of the Language Agency, carried out using a hybrid method or completely online. Various events are packaged creatively and innovatively to produce a new spirit in speaking. Research and teaching of language, literature and culture during the Covid-19 period resulted in many amazing innovations and creativity in line with technological developments. Covid-19 has inspired many in research on language, literature and culture. In the field of language, you can see research on the language used in Covid-19, such as said cases of suspected respiratory tract infection, ODP (People Under Monitoring), confirmed cases (a person who is late known to be infected with Covid-19, etc. That's the content -Content on YouTube about the use of language is a hot object of research to research. In terms of culture, the Government is making various efforts to break the chain of the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in a massive and systematic manner. Covid-19 is not only a deadly virus, but has a domino effect that is also terrible. One of the policies used by the government in preventing and controlling the spread of Covid-19 is implementing the Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB)policy As an investment, culture also requires strategies and enablers so that it is able to achieve the target of the happiness and welfare of the Indonesian people. This strategy is implemented through providing for a diversity of cultural expressions, developing cultural practices, utilizing cultural promotion objects, accelerating institutional reform, and increasing the government's role as a facilitator. Teaching issues, especially teaching methods of language, literature and culture, need to be highlighted in terms of IT-based innovation and creativity after Covid-19. How especially teaching methods in applying the material. Research on learning methods has also been carried out a lot, especially methods that focus on students entering the new normal era or the new era after Covid-19 with innovative research and learning of language, literature and culture. It is interesting to reveal a major event, namely the 3rd International Conference on Linguistics and Cultural Studies sponsored by the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar