Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject Business economics - Business Ethics, Corporate Ethics, grade: A, University of Ibadan, language: English, abstract: Norway experienced an economic surpluses following improvement of its hydrocarbon resources during the 70s. This reality changed the fate of the country and they made plan for the future towards economic sustainability. This was the birth of the Norway Oil Fund also known as Government Pension Fund-Global (GPF-G). The Sovereign Wealth Fund exists as a drawn out monetary saving guaranteeing that Norway not simply the current age profit and appreciate from the nation oil riches. The Fund is $1tn and owns an average of 1.4 per cent of every listed company worldwide. The GPF-G was charged with making investment in areas that promote corporate governance, sustainable development in economic, social, and environmental terms. However, the GPF-G has come under domestic and international pressure over ethical violations in the manner in which the fund are said to have been invested in companies that promotes gambling, alcohol, forced labour, cluster bombs and nuclear weapons

Norway's Government Pension Oil Fund Global (the Oil Fund) is funded by the excess revenues generated by Norway's oil and gas sales and income from existing holdings in the Oil Fund. It had grown to USD 1 trillion in assets, making it the world's largest sovereign wealth fund. The Council on Ethics (2016) advised the Oil Fund on what types of companies should be excluded for ethical violations. This came at the behest of several NGOs, with the concurrence of Parliament. Energy companies that derived 30% or more of their energy from coal should not be part of the Oil Fund; so too mining companies that derived over 30% of their revenues from coal were excluded. The irony was that the Oil Fund was financed by the sale of fossil fuels outside of Norway, which produced enormous amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As Signe Andresen and Marit Vik discuss the environmental, ethical, and decision-making issues around the Oil Fund's investments and management, key questions are raised. Should Norway's Oil Fund, which is dependent on excess revenues generated by Norway's oil and gas sales, take a strong stance against coal? Who would benefit from this stance? Should the Oil Fund promote non-renewable sources of energy use? If so, should it work with companies that are making progress away from coal or simply cut them off and remove their stocks from the portfolio?

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2017 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, University of applied sciences, Munich, language: English, abstract: This assignment investigates the decisions that were made by Norway's Finance Minister Siv Jensen and Prime Minister Erna Solberg in 2016 to withdraw money from the Government Pension Fund Global in order to compensate for a governmental budget deficit. The starting point will be a brief overview over Norway’s economic situation and a look into the structure and the investment strategy of the oil fund. The analysis of the decision to plunge into the fund is based on the Principal-Agent Theory and the Consumption-Saving Decision and therefore these theories are explained further on. The political decision is then analysed based on these theories, and outcomes of alternative decisions are depicted.

This book elaborates on how Norway has managed to convert a large fraction of its endowment of hydrocarbons below the seabed of Norwegian waters into financial wealth, invested in the world’s capital markets. Further, it explains how this wealth is managed. Under the current guidelines, only the assessed return on investment may be allotted to public budgets. This ensures that the wealth will benefit both current and future generations. The capital is gathered in the Sovereign Wealth Fund – or State Pension Fund Global (SPF-G) –, which is intended to maximize capital value without exceeding acceptable risks. The book offers new insights into the history and management of the fund, examines its successes,and discusses future challenges. Given its scope, it appeals to scholars of economics, finance and political science, and to anyone interested in the sustainable investment of natural resource-based revenues.

This book explores three particular strategies in the extractives sector for creating shared wealth, increased labour opportunities and positive social, environmental and economic outcomes from corporate projects, namely: state wealth funds (SWF), local content policies (LCP) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. Collectively, the chapters explore the associated experiences and challenges in different parts of the world with the view to inform equitable and sustainable development for the communities living adjacent to extractives sites and the wider society and environment. Examples of LCPs, SWFs and CSR practices from 12 jurisdictions with diverse experiences offer usefull insights. The book illuminates challenges and opportunities for sustainable development outcomes of the extractives sector. It reflects the need to take on board the lessons of these global experiences in order to improve outcomes for poverty reduction, inequality reduction and sustainable development.

For most of its history, the remote and near-Arctic nation of Norway has eked out a marginal existence from fishing, forestry and shipping. That is, until Christmas Eve 1969, when oil was discovered off its southern coast. Rather than squandering the profits (as the UK did with its North Sea oil), when the revenue began flowing, Norway put in place the most robust and visionary framework for extracting maximum benefit from non-renewable resources found anywhere in the world. Less than twenty years after the country began investing in what is now called the Government Pension Fund, Norway has the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world, with assets of US$870 billion. What's more, the fund is on track to hit the US$1 trillion mark by 2020. Not only is every Norwegian now a (krone) millionaire and enjoying the highest standard of living in the world, they will be able to hand down this endowment to their children and grandchildren. Norway's savings strategy means that it has taken a non-renewable resource and turned it into a financial asset that can last long after the oil wealth has been completely exhausted. This is the story of how they did it.

Oil to Cash explores one option to help countries with new oil revenue avoid the so-called resource curse: just give the money directly to citizens. A universal, transparent, and regular cash transfer would not only provide a concrete benefit to regular people, but would also create powerful incentives for citizens to hold their government accountable. Oil to Cash details how and where this idea could work and how policymakers can learn from the experiences with cash transfers in places like Mexico, Mongolia, and Alaska.