Manganese mineralization is diverse in occurence, origin, mineralogy and geochemistry. This volume includes a review of the range of terrestrial Mn deposits and their relative abundance through geological time. Experimental and modelling approaches to Mn geochemistry and mineralogy can further aid our understanding of the formational and depositational processes involved and thereby our interpretation of deposit metallogenesis.

This book explores the heavily used element manganese. The author discusses the structure of the manganese atom in clear and simple language, describing in detail the characteristics that give the element its unique qualities. In addition, readers learn why manganese is an essential nutrient in the human diet, as well as how and why the element is used in important industrial processes, especially steelmaking.

Manganese in Health and Disease discusses recent advances of the role of manganese on different human pathologies. The book presents research discussing the possible role of manganese in the development of some degenerative diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis. The role of manganese in individuals with epilepsy and congenital malformations is also discussed. This comprehensive book will interest basic researchers and clinicians including research scientists, physicians, nutritionists, dietitians, nurses, and educators.

High levels of iron and manganese can cause adverse effects on water at the tap and lead to customer dissatisfaction. This book addresses how to control and treat these contaminants.

Progress in our knowledge of thermodynamics and physico-chemical factors in manganese ferroalloy production has developed rapidly during the past twenty-five years or so. The authors' intention has been to use this basic knowledge in discussions of industrial manganese ferroalloy production. The book presents the principles and current knowledge of processes in the production of high carbon ferromanganese, silicomanganese and low carbon manganese alloys. The book is intended for professionals working in production, plant design or development. It will also be useful for researchers in industry, universities and research institutes. The book can be used as a textbook for courses in extractive and process metallurgy, and for company in-house courses. Thermodynamics of the slag and metal systems are extensively covered. Computational modelling based on assessed thermochemical databases has made it possible to calculate and present a large number of phase and equilibrium diagrams. These diagrams are useful for easy understanding and analysis of the complex heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese ferroalloy metallurgy. The manganese ferroalloys are mainly produced in electric submerged arc furnaces. Electrical relations are briefly discussed. Supply of raw materials, especially manganese ores and coke, is extremely important for the manganese industry. The book gives the reader appropriate knowledge regarding the selection the best of available raw materials. Environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate changes, are of growing concern to ferroalloy producers. Carbon will always be needed as a reducing agent, and consequently emission of CO2 gas is inevitable. The book describes solutions to dealing with pollution problems and gives the latest guidelines for greenhouse gas inventories.

Marine Manganese Deposits