The Magnus force is found by adding the boundary layer displacement surface to the body and then calculating the force on the resulting non- axisymmetric body. The displacement surface is calculated by the simultaneous integration of a differential equation for a streamline, two partial-differential boundary layer integral-momentum equations with the boundary layer thickness and the tangent of the angle between the local direction of the surface friction and potential flow streamline as dependent variables, and a partial differential equation for the displacement surface thickness. The method is applied to a half-ellipsoid of fineness ratio 5 at 4 degrees angle of attack. Slender-body theory is used to calculate the force.

Base bleed is a technique whereby all or part of the boundary layer is 'bled' from the rear portion of a projectile to the base region. Passage from the model's surface to the base region is by means of concentric cylindrical passageways. The purpose of base bleed is to reduce the Magnus moment on overlong spinning bodies of revolution and to reduce the base drag. Both analytic and experimental results are presented. The boundary layer is represented by means of the momentum thickness.

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Blending scientific fact and sports trivia, Robert Adair examines what a baseball or player in motion does-and why. How fast can a batted ball go? What effect do stitch patterns have on wind resistance? How far does a curve ball break? Who reaches first base faster after a bunt, a right- or left-handed batter? The answers are often surprising—and always illuminating. This newly revised third edition considers recent developments in the science of sport such as the neurophysiology of batting, bat vibration, and the character of the "sweet spot." Faster pitchers, longer hitters, and enclosed stadiums also get a good, hard scientific look to determine their effects on the game. Filled with anecdotes about famous players and incidents, The Physics of Baseball provides fans with fascinating insights into America's favorite pastime.