A comprehensive examination of the way in which the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is implemented and policed. CITES is one of the oldest international environmental agreements and has been responsible for some striking conservation successes. But, given the way it has evolved, there are also some critical weaknesses that unscrupulous countries and commercial interests can exploit, especially regarding information, institutions and enforcement. The convention needs reform and this book gives a trenchant critique, including practical and effective recommendations for change.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is the best known and most controversial of international conservation treaties. Since it came into force 25 years ago, debate has raged over its most basic assumptions. CITES treats the international trade in wildlife as the most important threat to the continued existence of wild species. It offers a prescription of trade bans and restrictions for endangered species. However, it is now generally acknowledged that for most species habitat loss is a much more significant threat. Some argue that the CITES remedy actually exacerbates the problem by removing the incentive to conserve wildlife habitat. This collection of essays, the first of its kind, charts the controversies and changes within CITES. It provides case studies of the way CITES has dealt with particular species and notes the growing role of the South in shaping the direction of the treaty. It considers the role of sustainable use, the precautionary principle and unilateralism within CITES. Finally, it examines options for the future of CITES. Implicit within a number of the contributions is the recognition that questions of wildlife conservation cannot be divorced from wider issues of land use, development and social justice. This book provides an essential resource for policy makers, practitioners, academics and students concerned with conservation, development and trade.

The Investors' Environmental Guidelines will be useful to all those associated with the process of investment in Central & Eastern Europe. The Guidelines have been designed for rapid use by the investor who knows very little about the environment, as well as for the environmental specialist working in the corporate environment unit. The Guidelines , in particular the sections covering liability & regulatory compliance, will also be of particular interest to lawyers. The Guidelines give a unique & up-to-date coverage of environmental legislation which will be of far wider interest to policy makers, consultants, NGOs & others, both from within the region & from western countries. In particular, they will be able to compare how investor-related environmental requirements are handled in other countries in the region. The Investors' Environmental Guidelines is based on a major project executed by the European Commission, with the theme of 'Harmonisation of Environmental Legislation & Standards' between Eastern & Western Europe.