In this book Judith M. Hughes makes a highly original case for conceptualizing gender identity as potentially multiple. She does so by situating her argument within the history of psychoanalysis. Hughes traces a series of conceptual lineages, each descending from Freud. In the study Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, and Melanie Klein occupy prominent places. So too do Erik H. Erikson and Robert J. Stoller. Among contemporary theorists Carol Gilligan and Nancy Chodorow are included in Hughes's roster. In each lineage Hughes discerns an evolutionary narrative: Deutsch tells a story of retrogression; Erikson names his epigenesis, and Gilligan continues in that vein; Horney's discussion recalls sexual selection; Stoller's and Chodorow's theorizing brings artificial selection to mind; and finally in Klein's work Hughes sees a story of natural selection and adds to it her own notion of multiple gender identities.

Essays discuss the relations among gender, self, and society, the significance of women's mothering for gender personality and gender relations, and how the psychodynamics of gender create and sustain individualism

Presented here is a new form of psychoanalysis, one that is centered on women as seen by women. Women Analyze Women contains interviews with nineteen of the most prominent and innovative women analysts and writers. The authors have persuaded them to speak freely on topics such as feminism, sexuality, love, gender differences, and sometimes their lives as anlysts and analysands, political activists, wives, and mothers. Personal and intimate, these sessions cut across theoretical barriers and allow the analysts to speak directly and candidly, as the following excerpt from the interview with JOyce McDougall shows: "Men and women deal with tender and erotic feelings differnetly. If I speek in very simple terms, it seems to me that women are constatnly eager to stabilize their love relationships and within those, their sexual relationships. They are always terrified of abandonment, rejection, and loss. The men are terrified of getting caught. It is a wonder that the sexes ever get together at all. Men are frantic about getting trapped, and women are frantic about being left." The book offfers intriguing, provocative, and stimulating discussions of critical issues, revealng a number of startling differences and remarkable similarities among the more avant-garde French anlaysts and the more tarditional Anglo-American schools.

With Sigmund Freud notoriously flummoxed about what women want, any encounter between psychoanalysis and feminism would seem to promise a standoff. But in this lively, often surprising history, Mari Jo Buhle reveals that the twentieth century’s two great theories of liberation actually had a great deal to tell each other. Starting with Freud’s 1909 speech to an audience that included the feminist and radical Emma Goldman, Buhle recounts all the twists and turns this exchange took in the United States up to the recent American vogue of Jacques Lacan. While chronicling the contributions of feminism to the development of psychoanalysis, she also makes an intriguing case for the benefits psychoanalysis brought to feminism. From the first, American psychoanalysis became the property of freewheeling intellectuals and popularists as well as trained analysts. Thus the cultural terrain that Buhle investigates is populated by literary critics, artists and filmmakers, historians, anthropologists, and sociologists—and the resulting psychoanalysis is not so much a strictly therapeutic theory as an immensely popular form of public discourse. She charts the history of feminism from the first wave in the 1910s to the second in the 1960s and into a variety of recent expressions. Where these paths meet, we see how the ideas of Freud and his followers helped further the real-life goals of a feminism that was a widespread social movement and not just an academic phenomenon. The marriage between psychoanalysis and feminism was not pure bliss, however, and Buhle documents the trying moments; most notably the “Momism” of the 1940s and 1950s, a remarkable instance of men blaming their own failures of virility on women. An ambitious and highly engaging history of ideas, Feminism and Its Discontents brings together far-flung intellectual tendencies rarely seen in intimate relation to each other—and shows us a new way of seeing both.

The author of The Reproduction of Mothering examines the problems with how psychoanalysis views sexuality and gender. Nancy J. Chodorow takes her fellow psychoanalysts to task for their monolithic and pathologizing accounts of deviant gender and sexuality. Drawing from her own clinical experience, the work of Freud, and a close reading of psychoanalytic texts, Chodorow argues that psychoanalysis has yet to disentangle male dominance from heterosexuality. Further, she demonstrates the paucity of psychoanalytic understanding of heterosexuality and the problematic polarizing of normal and abnormal sexualities. By returning to Freud and interpreting psychoanalysis through clinical eyes, Chodorow contends that psychoanalysis must consider individual specificity and personal, cultural, and social factors. Such a methodology entails a plurality of femininities and masculinities and enables us to understand a variety of sexualities. Praise for Femininities, Masculinities, Sexualities “Raises challenging questions but makes no easy answers.” —Psychoanalytic Quarterly “[Chodorow’s] convincing analysis leads us to wonder whether it is any longer useful to think in terms of a normative boy and girl, man and woman, father and mother, and heterosexual and homosexual.” —Sally Moskowitz “Chodorow helps us through the dense riches of Freud’s writing, signposting his scattered but significant moments of empathy with women’s subjective experience even as she takes apart his objectified, masculine images.” —The Women’s Review of Books “A provocative reminder that these are complex issues and that humans, with their capacity for individual variation, are complicated subjects.” —Kirkus Reviews

Sigmund Freud was unquestionably one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century, yet over the last few decades his theory about women has suffered severe criticism from feminists and many psychoanalysts. How could this great genius have been so wrong about women? In The Freudian Mystique, Samuel Slipp, a training and supervising analyst, offers an explanation of how such a remarkable and revolutionary thinker for his time could formulate such incorrect theories about female development. Tracing the gradual evolution of patriarchy and phallocentrism in Western society, Slipp examines the stereotyped attitudes toward women that were taken for granted in Victorian culture and strongly influenced Freud's thinking on feminine psychology. Of even greater importance was Freud's relationship with his mother who emotionally abandoned him, the loss of his nanny, and the death of his brother Julius - all before the age of three. These losses occurred during the separation-individuation phase, disrupting the normal differentiation from his mother and consolidation of his gender identity. Slipp examines not only Freud's preoedipal but also the continuing postoedipal conflicts with his mother from both an object relations and family therapy perspective. He shows how Freud's unconscious ambivalence toward his mother influenced his personal relationships with women and shaped his theory of child development. Freud emphasized the role of the father and the oedipal period, while excluding the mother and the preoedipal and postoedipal periods. Not limited to one perspective, The Freudian Mystique analyzes how the entire contextual framework of his family relations, anti-Semitism, politics, economics, science, and culture affected Freud's work in feminine psychology. The book not only looks backward but also looks forward to formulating a modern biopsychosocial framework for female gender development.

Within the psychoanalytic framework, there is a growing body of research and thinking about female development. In addition, there is ongoing research within other areas of psychology, such as developmental psychology and social psychology, which has important implications for an understanding of women's adult development. Often these research findings are not readily available to the analytic community, nor has much of the research been incorporated into a psychoanalytic framework. Psychoanalysis and Women broadens analytic thinking by integrating contemporary literature from psychoanalysis with that of other areas, both within and outside psychology, which has implications for the undertanding of women's development. This literature is conceptualized within a psychoanalytic framework. A basic premise underlying this book is that psychoanalysis needs continuing review and revision in terms of what women and men are about and a continuing focus on whether and how unfounded biases prevent analysts from understanding patients. The present volume considers how sexism and feminism are affecting psychoanalysis and exemplifies how the emerging field of psychoanalysis of women and the issues its existence raises should be conceptualized. It also exemplifies some of the positive contributions that a feminist outlook gives to the study of human behavior and should esxpand the range of hypotheses that we have about people.