This report provides actionable advice on how to design and implement fiscal policies for both development and climate action. Building on more than two decades of research in development and environmental economics, it argues that well-designed environmental tax reforms are especially valuable in developing countries, where they can reduce emissions, increase domestic revenues, and generate positive welfare effects such as cleaner water, safer roads, and improvements in human health. Moreover, these reforms need not harm competitiveness. New empirical evidence from Indonesia and Mexico suggests that under certain conditions, raising fuel prices can actually increase firm productivity. Finally, the report discusses the role of fiscal policy in strengthening resilience to climate change. It provides evidence that preventive public investments and measures to build fiscal buffers can help safeguard stability and growth in the face of rising climate risks. In this way, environmental tax reforms and climate risk-management strategies can lay the much-needed fiscal foundation for development and climate action.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing policymakers worldwide, and the stakes are particularly high for Asia and the Pacific. This paper analyzes how fiscal policy can address challenges from climate change in Asia and the Pacific. It aims to answer how policymakers can best promote mitigation, adaptation, and the transition to a low-carbon economy, emphasizing the economic and social implications of reforms, potential policy trade-offs, and country circumstances. The recommendations are grounded in quantitative analysis using country-specific estimates, and granular household, industry, and firm-level data.

Taxation can play a fundamental role in climate change mitigation. While all countries have different approaches, they can act together and must do so urgently by prioritizing environmental objectives. In this respect, this is the first time that a book has brought together the climate fiscal policies of 30 countries, including Bhutan, which is currently the only country to be carbon neutral. Bhutan is implementing fiscal policies to maintain its carbon neutrality, while other countries are trying to implement policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The large number of rapporteurs also reveals the interest in and topicality of the subject for all of the countries in the world, and the emergence of a new subject for some of them. The analysis of this data reveals the difficulty of current fiscal policies to meet the requirements of climate change mitigation set by international and European agreements. There is a great deal of diversity, due to the difficulty of reconciling two distinct objectives - environmental protection and budget preservation - and implementing economic environmental responsibility. Each country is thus setting up a variety of instruments that respond to two different types of logic: compel and/or incentivise. This situation reveals certain weaknesses. These fiscal policies are not coherent and are based on a choice to use revenue for specific purposes, in addition to producing insufficient effects. In order to overcome this situation, it is necessary to reconsider these green tax policies by overcoming a variety of obstacles - political, legal, economic and social - in order to reinvent the existing system through national or global reforms. In this context, some proposals are made to rethink tomorrow's climate fiscal policies. An Open Access chapter is available for this title. Open Access chapters can be found in the list of chapters below, under the book description Marilyne Sadowsky has a PhD in international and European taxation (Sorbonne Law School, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne), and achieved an honourable mention for the Mitchell B. Carroll Prize, International Fiscal Association. She is Associate Professor at the Sorbonne Law School, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, and Codirector of two Masters courses in tax law. She is a member for France of the Academic Committee at EATLP (European Association of Tax Law Professors). For the ILA (International Law Association), she is Coordinator of the White Paper on taxation for the ILA's 150th anniversary in 2023. She was visiting Professor at the Boston College of Law, 2017, and is a Visiting Fellow at the Max Planck Institute, Munich, 2023.

This Staff Climate Note is part of a series of three Notes (IMF Staff Climate Note 2022/001, 2022/002, and 2022/003) that discuss fiscal policies for climate change adaptation. A first Note (Bellon and Massetti 2022, henceforth Note 1) examines the economic principles that can guide the integration of climate change adaptation into fiscal policy. It argues that climate change adaptation should be part of a holistic, sustainable, and equitable development strategy. To maximize the impact of scarce resources, governments need to prioritize among all development programs, including but not limited to adaptation. To this end, they can use cost-benefit analysis while ensuring that the decision-making process reflects society’s preferences about equity and uncertainty. A second Note (Aligishiev, Bellon, and Massetti. 2022, henceforth Note 2) discusses the macro-fiscal implications of climate change adaptation. It reviews evidence on the effectiveness of adaptation at reducing climate change damages, on residual risks, and on adaptation investment needs, and suggests ways to integrate climate risks and adaptation costs into national macro-fiscal frameworks with the goal of guiding fiscal policy. It stresses that lower-income vulnerable countries, which have typically not contributed much to climate change, face exacerbated challenges that warrant increased international support. This third Note considers how to translate adaptation principles and estimates of climate impacts into effective policies.

Efforts to control atmospheric accumulations of greenhouse gases that threaten to heat up the planet are in their infancy. Although the IMF is not an environmental organization, environmental issues matter for its mission when they have major implications for macroeconomic performance and fiscal policy. Climate change clearly passes both these tests.

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of this century. Mitigation requires a large-scale transition to a low-carbon economy. This paper provides an overview of the rapidly growing literature on the role of macroeconomic and financial policy tools in enabling this transition. The literature provides a menu of policy tools for mitigation. A key conclusion is that fiscal tools are first in line and central, but can and may need to be complemented by financial and monetary policy instruments. Some tools and policies raise unanswered questions about policy tool assignment and mandates, which we describe. The literature is scarce, however, on the most effective policy mix and the role of mitigation tools and goals in the overall policy framework.

This paper reviews the fiscal implications of climate change, and the potential role of the Fund in addressing them. It stresses that: • The potential fiscal implications are immediate as well as lasting, and liable to affect—in differing forms and degree—all Fund members. • Climate change is a global externality problem, calling for some degree of international fiscal cooperation... • ...and has features—an intertemporal mismatch between the (early) costs of action to address climate change and (later) benefits, pervasive uncertainties and irreversibilities (including risk of catastrophe), and sharp asymmetries in the effects on different countries—that raise difficult technical and ethical issues, and hinder policy coordination. • In addition to itself impacting the public finances, climate change calls for deploying fiscal instruments to mitigate its extent and adapt to its remaining effects.