This book systematically traces the development of the idea that the improvement of human understanding requires public activity.

"...there is nothing elementary about O'Grady's primer. She pulls off the feat of writing a reliable and accessible introduction to modern philosophy that is also a meaningful contribution to the subject." - Times Literary Supplement From Descartes' famous line 'I think therefore I am' to Kant's fascinating discussions of morality, the thinkers of the Enlightenment have helped to shape the modern world. Addressing such important subjects as the foundations of knowledge and the role of ethics, the theories of these philosophers continue to have great relevance to our lives. Ranging across Enlightenment thinking from Berkeley to Rousseau, Enlightenment Philosophy in a Nutshell explains important ideas such as Locke's ideas of primary and secondary qualities, Kant's moral rationalism, and Hume's inductive reasoning. Filled with helpful diagrams and simple summaries of complex theories, this essential introduction brings the great ideas of the past to everyone. ABOUT THE SERIES: The 'Knowledge in a Nutshell' series by Arcturus Publishing provides engaging introductions to many fields of knowledge, including philosophy, psychology and physics, and the ways in which human kind has sought to make sense of our world.

Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers.

This is the first clear and comprehensive introduction to the philosophers of the Enlightenment. Nine contemporary specialists lead the student gently through Enlightenment thought by looking at the lives and writings of individual philosophers, such as Liebniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, Reid, Kant, Voltaire and Fourier. This is an introduction to a complex subject which should become recommended reading for students of philosophy from school to university level, as well as anyone interested in Enlightenment thought. Contents: PETER GILMOUR Introduction; STUART BROWN 1. eibniz and the Fashion for Systems and Hypotheses; JOHN WILLIAMSON 2. Boyle and Locke: on Material Substance; STEPHEN CLARK 3. Soft as the Rustle of a Reed from Cloyne (Berkeley); ANGUS J. MACKAY 4. David Hume; R.F. STALLEY 5. Common Sense and Enlightenment: the Philosophy of Thomas Reid; MURRAY MACBEATH 6. Kant; CHRISTOPHER BERRY 7. Adam Smith: Commerce, Liberty and Modernity; PETER JIMACK 8. Voltaire; I.D. LLOYD-JONES 9. Charles Fourier: Faithful Pupil of the Enlightenment; Index^R

"Love is joy with the accompanying idea of an external cause." Spinoza's definition of love manifests a major paradigm shift achieved by seventeenth-century Europe, in which the emotions, formerly seen as normative "forces of nature," were embraced by the new science of the mind.This shift has often been seen as a transition from a philosophy laden with implicit values and assumptions to a more scientific and value-free way of understanding human action. But is this rational approach really value-free? Today we tend to believe that values are inescapable, and that the descriptive-mechanical method implies its own set of values. Yet the assertion by Spinoza, Malebranche, Leibniz, and Enlightenment thinkers that love guides us to wisdom-and even that the love of a god who creates and maintains order and harmony in the world forms the core of ethical behavior-still resonates powerfully with us. It is, evidently, an idea Western culture is unwilling to relinquish.This collection of insightful essays offers a range of interesting perspectives on how the triumph of "reason" affected not only the scientific-philosophical understanding of the emotions and especially of love, but our everyday understanding as well.