Excerpt from Economics of Road Construction The roads of the Romans were built at enormous cost, probably not less than $50,000 a mile. They were constructed of stone laid in mortar, the courses aggregating about 36 ins. in thickness. No regard was paid to topography. Hills were climbed or excavated, even where by a slight deflection they could have been avoided, and drainage ditches seem to have been entirely omitted. It was not until 1764 that Tresaguet, a French engineer, began to construct roads upon scientific principles by using small broken stone placed upon a well-shaped bed of larger fragments set on edge. The same type of road was later introduced into England by Telford about 1824, and roads so constructed are generally known by his name. About the same time, or possibly a little earlier, a genius appeared in the person of Macadam, who discovered that the foundation course of large stone set on edge was unnecessary; and that, provided the soil was well drained, a bed of loose broken stone some 6 to 12 ins. in thickness would become sufficiently bound together under traffic to uphold the heaviest of wagon loads. No further advance in the science of road construction occurred until the invention of the stone-crusher and the introduction of the steam road roller, both within recent years. It may be safely said that half the controversies between engineers over the subject of road construction are due to the fact that one class of engineers still adheres to the rules of Macadam without recognizing the changes wrought by the steam roller and the crusher. The broken stone road of to-day is quite a different structure from the type of road built by Macadam, who used hand broken stone that was practically uniform in size, laid in the road without the addition of a binder of stone dust or sand and left to be compacted by passing wheels. What was the result? About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from Abstract of Discussion on the Subject of the Principles and Broad Economics of Highway Design and Construction: At a Special Meeting Held October 13th, 1920 In no other department of Engineering, has so little been done in the investigation by accurate scientific research and experiment, of the basic facts and principles relating to high way design and construction. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from An Economic Analysis of Accelerated Road Construction on the Bureau of Land Management's Tillamook Resource Area Increasing all costs and revenues 3 percent, compounded annually to simulate inflation, significantly affected the economic feasibility of advance roading. But the rate of return (1. 92 percent) does not compare favorably with alternative public investment opportunities. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.