Two events have recently improved the prospects of protecting fish and their environment in Switzerland: the acceptance of a new Federal Water Protection Law in the plebiscite of May 17th 1992, and the new Federal Legislation on Fisheries, in force since January 1st 1994. With this legal framework, the possibilities for protection of nature and landscape have now considerably improved in Switzerland. The most important aims of the Federal Law on Water Protection are to safeguard the natural habitats of the native flora and fauna and water as the habitat of aquatic organisms. This includes not only the preservation or restoration of water quality in lakes and rivers, but also, in rivers used for hydroelectricity, irrigation or as industrial or other water supplies, the maintenance of sufficient water to fulfill the minimal requirements for fish. However, good quality water in sufficient quan tities alone is not enough to guarantee the survival of fish. Intact fish habitats comprise various phYsical structures including plenty of hiding places, hunting grounds, reproduction and nursery areas within suitable distances from each other. This third aspect of conservation and restoration of aquatic habitats is a central point in the new Federal Law on Fisheries. Whereas the former versions of this law were more concerned with fishery regulations, the recent legislation defines new areas of responsibility for the federal and the cantonal governments.

The conservation of Europe's freshwater fish and their habitats is an important EU policy goal, supported not only through the habitats directive and the EU 2020 biodiversity strategy, but also, because of the clear and close links between water quality and fish conservation status, through the implementation of the water framework directive and associated river basin management plans. As the only specific source of European-level funding for nature conservation, the LIFE programme has made a huge contribution to the improved status of threatened fish species across the EU. This includes vital work in favour of near extinct species such as the houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus), allis shad (Alosa alosa) and saramugo (Anaecypris hispanica). In all, LIFE has already targeted 51 of the 65 freshwater fish species listed in the annexes of the habitats directive.^Projects within this publication can be divided into several categories: those that highlight the impact of river habitat restoration projects on fish species (some 80% of all freshwater fish projects); those that reintroduce or restock target fish species; those that overcome barriers to migratory species through the addition of fish passages; and those that raise awareness of the threats facing protected fish species and that engage with stakeholders to improve conditions for those species. In addition to highlighting the positive impacts of LIFE on freshwater fish conservation, this new brochure provides food for thought by outlining some lessons from completed projects and potential improvements or areas of renewed or increased focus in future. As the project examples highlighted in this publication demonstrate, in many cases LIFE co-funding has helped inspire further conservation actions that build on the work started through the programme.^In addition to their pump-priming effects, LIFE projects have had demonstrable effects in terms of ecosystem services, for instance by improving the overall health of river systems, increasing populations of species fished commercially and for leisure, and indirectly strengthening flood defences through reinstating natural river dynamics, an important co-benefit that helps in climate change adaptation. LIFE projects have also added value at European level through cross-border cooperation and through networking events such as the LIFE platform meeting on riverine species, held in Estonia in September 2014. Freshwater fish conservation and river habitat restoration will continue to be supported by traditional LIFE projects for the 2014-2020 funding period. The scope of funding has been widened to include species in the IUCN European Red List, enabling LIFE to have a positive impact on an even greater number of threatened species.^Furthermore, the addition of integrated projects to the programme's portfolio promises to improve linkage between the Natura 2000 network and the river basin management plans, as well as enabling larger and more ambitious projects at regional and national scale. In this way, LIFE funding can have an even greater impact in terms of job growth within the vitally important blue and green economy.

Refecting what a new generation of conservation biologists is doing and thinking, this vital and far ranging second edition explores where conservation biology is heading. It challenges many conventions of conservation biology by exposing certain weaknesses of widely accepted principles. Combining contributions from both the school and the new breed of conservation biologists, this insightful text focuses primarily on topics the are integral to the daily activities of conservation biologists. Several chapters address ecosystem restoration and biotic invasions as well as the the mechanics of population viability analyses, which are now a routine facet of conservation efforts. A case history approach is implemented throughout the book, with the use of practical real-world examples. Furthermore, an in-depth look at quantitative analyses is presented, allowing for models and mathematical analyses to pinpoint limitations in existing data and guide research toward those aspects of biology that are most likely to be critical to the dynamics of a species or an ecosystem.