Up-to-date discussion of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this common cause of stroke and cognitive impairment.

Small vessel disease is an important frontier in neurology; about 25% of strokes are classified as small vessel, and SVD is the most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment. The risk of developing SVD increases with age, making this a growing concern for countries with aging populations. Despite this, there has been a paucity of information about its causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. This volume brings together contributions from leading international experts in the field and discusses pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical and radiologic manifestations, prevention and treatment modalities, and future directions for research and practice. Genetic forms of SVD are discussed, as well as the rapid development of neuroimaging techniques as tools for screening and treatment. This authoritative book is essential reading for neurologists, stroke physicians, geriatricians, and interventional neuroradiologists, as well as researchers in the fields of aging and dementia.

Fully revised throughout, the new edition of this concise textbook is aimed at doctors preparing to specialize in stroke care.

This book serves as a reference and comprehensive guide for PET/MR neuroimaging. The field of PET/MR is rapidly evolving, however, there is no standard resource summarizing the vast information and its potential applications. This book will guide neurological molecular imaging applications in both clinical practice and the research setting. Experts from multiple disciplines, including radiologists, researchers, and physicists, have collaborated to bring their knowledge and expertise together. Sections begin by covering general considerations, including public health and economic implications, the physics of PET/MR systems, an overview of hot lab and cyclotron, and radiotracers used in neurologic PET/MRI. There is then coverage of each major disease/systemic category, including dementia and neurodegenerative disease, epilepsy localization, brain tumors, inflammatory and infectious CNS disorders, head and neck imaging, as well as vascular hybrid imaging. Together, we have created a thorough, concise and up-to-date textbook in a unique, user-friendly format. This is an ideal guide for neuroradiologists, nuclear medicine specialists, medical physicists, clinical trainees and researchers.

"Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) silently affects a large part of the population, increasing in prevalence with age and with the presence of vascular risk factors. Its harmful effects on brain parenchyma increase the risk of stroke, cognitive decline and dementia, and it is responsible for a spectrum of symptoms that are much less obvious, such as unrecognized mild signs or symptoms of neurocognitive dysfunction, mild mood or behavioral disturbances, gait dysfunction, and a general decline in function generally attributed to normal aging. These consequences pose a heavy burden on patients, families and countries that need to be addressed. Understanding and Treating Cerebral Small Vessel Disease provides an insight into a broad area of research in this field, focusing on topics that deal with the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of CSVD, recent clinical and neuroimaging findings, biomarker developments, comorbidities, prevention strategies and emerging therapeutic options. The contents are distributed in five sections that span these topics. Section I, "Pathophysiology and Subtypes of Cerebral Small Vessels Disease", includes three chapters that deal with the prevalence of different forms of small-vessels disease in vascular cognitive impairment, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of CSVD. Section II, "New Approaches for Diagnosis and Treatment of CSVD", includes six chapters which deal with the microvascular assessment of CSVD through the study of retinal blood (chapter four), a global vision of brain MRI findings in CSVD (chapter five), and digital electroencephalographic changes and computerized analysis methods in CSVD (chapter six). Chapters seven, eight and nine approach the treatment of CSVD, from the assessment of advanced immunoactive therapy for CSVD to the use of non-pharmacological therapies such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. The targeting of key pathogenic mechanisms is also discussed in light of experimental data and clinical trials, as well as the introduction of neuroprotection in the treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic CSVD. Section III, "Potential Biomarkers for CSVD", includes chapters 10-13 dedicated to the early detection of CSVD through brain MRI imaging and the development of alternative circulating biomarkers (brain specific proteins, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, autoantibodies). The application of these biomarkers in other conditions closely associated with small vessel neurovascular networks, such as migraine, is also discussed. Section IV, "Cerebral Small Vessels Disease and Comorbid Conditions" is comprised of five chapters (14-18) which approach the relationship of CSVD with infectious diseases (viral, bacterial and parasitic infections), highlighting findings in COVID-19. Conditions related with the nervous system, such as cognitive impairment, schizophrenia and chronic alcohol consumption in association with the development of small vessel pathology in the brain are also discussed. Section V includes chapter 19, which briefly summarizes the main topics presented in this book and offers a quick vision from the editors of future trends in microangiopathy diagnosis and treatment"--

This textbook focuses on the vascular biology and physiology that underlie vascular disorders in clinical medicine. Vascular biomedicine is a rapidly growing field as new molecular mechanisms of vascular health and disease are unraveled. Many of the major cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and vascular dementia are diseases of the vasculature. In addition vascular injury underpins conditions like kidney failure and cardiovascular complications of diabetes. This field is truly multidisciplinary involving scientists in many domains such as molecular and vascular biology, cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology and immunology and inflammation. Clinically, specialists across multiple disciplines are involved in the management of patients with vascular disorders, including cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, neurologists and vascular surgeons. This book covers a wide range of topics and provides an overview of the discipline of vascular biomedicine without aiming at in-depth reviews, but rather offering up-to-date knowledge organized in concise and structured chapters, with key points and pertinent references. The structure of the content provides an integrative and translational approach from basic science (e.g. stem cells) to clinical medicine (e.g. cardiovascular disease). The content of this book is targeted to those who are new in the field of vascular biology and vascular medicine and is ideal for medical students, graduate and postgraduate students, clinical fellows and academic clinicians with an interest in the vascular biology and physiology of cardiovascular disease and related pathologies.