Published since 1959, International Review of Neurobiology is a well-known series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research. This volume, concentrates on the brain transcriptome. Brings together cutting-edge research on the brain transcriptome

How does the genome, interacting with the multi-faceted environment, translate into the development by which the human brain achieves its astonishing, adaptive array of cognitive and behavioral capacities? Why and how does this process sometimes lead to neurodevelopmental disorders with a major, lifelong personal and social impact? This volume of Progress in Brain Research links findings on the structural development of the human brain, the expression of genes in behavioral and cognitive phenotypes, environmental effects on brain development, and developmental processes in perception, action, attention, cognitive control, social cognition, and language, in an attempt to answer these questions. Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

The mammalian brain is the most complex organ. Modern genetics has shown that the complexity of brain structures and functions is ultimately encoded in the genome. As the primary functional interpretation of genome, a systematic study of transcriptome promises to enlighten how structures and functions are supported from the molecular scale. Fast advance in genomic information and throughput of technologies allows large-scale survey of transcriptome. The technique of in situ hybridization offers direct visualization of gene expression at cellular resolution. The spatial correlation among genes is closely associated with different phenotypes of anatomic regions. On the other hand, the correlations among transcripts allow us to investigate how sets of genes act in collaboration to control biological processes. However, how to unbiasedly derive the genetic-neuroanatomic correlations from the high-dimensional transcriptome data remains challenging. This thesis focuses on developing methods to connect genetics to neuroanatomy. To answer whether gene expression patterns can refine the architecture of the brain, I proposed dictionary learning and sparse coding (DLSC) as a tool because it considers the sparse structure of gene expressions. Voxels with similar coexpression patterns form tight clusters. Many clusters correspond well to neuroanatomy while others revealed finer delineation of regions previously considered homogeneous. Regionalized expressions in fiber tracts and ventricular systems have been discovered and reported for the first time. DLSC is also proven effective in grouping genes into gene coexpression networks (GCNs). The GCNs are crucial to understanding how genes act jointly in defining the anatomy of the brain. Gene ontologies and comparisons with curated gene lists with known functions confirmed the functional roles of these networks. One standing issue for the above-mentioned work is incomplete data. To address the problem, I designed a volume completion network accompanied with customized training scheme. The network successfully completed the large missing region on a slice as well as one or two consecutive missing slices. On the completed data, I seek out a probabilistic-based model Restricted Boltzmann Machine and its extension, deep belief network, to construct a hierarchical transcriptome anatomy. A fine-to-coarse organization emerges from the network layers, providing a multi-resolution transcriptome architecture.

The Human Nervous System is a definitive account of human neuroanatomy, with a comprehensive coverage of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecture, connectivity, and major functions of neuronal structures are examined by acknowledged authorities in the field, such as: Alheid, Amaral, Armstrong, Beitz, Burke, de Olmos, Difiglia, Garey, Gerrits, Gibbins, Holstege, Kaas, Martin, McKinley, Norgren, Ohye, Paxinos, Pearson, Pioro, Price, Saper, Sasaki, Schoenen, Tadork, Voogd, Webster, Zilles, and their associates. Large, clearly designed 8-1/2" x 11" format 35 information-packed chapters 500 photomicrographs and diagrams 6,200 bibliographic entries Table of contents for every chapter Exceptionally cross-referenced Detailed subject index Substantial original research work Mini atlases of some brain regions

Here, leading neuroscientist Nancy Andreasen offers a state-of-the-art look at what we know about the human brain and the human genome--and shows how these two vast branches of knowledge are coming together in a boldly ambitious effort to conquer mental illness. Andreasen gives us an engaging and readable description of how it all works---from billions of neurons, to the tiny thalamus, to the moral monitor in our prefrontal cortex. She shows the progress made in mapping the human genome, whose 30,000 to 40,000 genes are almost all active in the brain. We read gripping stories of the people who develop mental illness, the friends and relatives who share their suffering, the physicians who treat them, and the scientists who study them so that better treatments can be found. Four major disorders are covered--schizophrenia, manic depression, anxiety disorders, and dementia--revealing what causes them and how they affect the mind and brain. Finally, the book shows how the powerful tools of genetics and neuroscience will be combined during the next decades to build healthier brains and minds. By revealing how combining genome mapping with brain mapping can unlock the mysteries of mental illness, Andreasen offers a remarkably fresh perspective on these devastating diseases.